论人民自决与科索沃独立问题

【作者】 熊海博；

【导师】 马忠法；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 法律， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 2008年2月17日,科索沃单方面宣布从塞尔维亚独立。这一宣布在国际社会即刻引起不同的反应。许多国家承认科索沃独立,而另一些国家则拒绝承认甚至表示科索沃宣布独立违背国际法准则是非法的。承认与拒绝承认的两方形成对立的阵营,其争议的一个关键问题是,在国际法上科索沃是否拥有人民自决权进而从塞尔维亚分离。殖民情形以及遭受外国征服、统治或者剥削的人民享有自决权,这在国际法上没有疑义。在这一范围之外,基于人民自决原则在上个世纪下半叶所经历的发展与演变,包括《国际法原则宣言》在内的当代国际法并不排除外部自决即分离权的行使可能。然而,对这一可能的具体实施,国际法尚无建立起一套明确的规则。科索沃一直以来的地位都是塞尔维亚的一个自治省。针对科索沃宣布独立的合法性问题,联合国大会通过决议求询国际法院。2010年7月22日,国际法院出具《咨询意见书》认为,科索沃宣布独立并没有违反国际法适用规则。然而,国际法院对这一独立宣布行为的法律后果、科索沃是否已经具备国际法上的国家资格以及国家承认行为的地位等相关问题,尤其是对于国际法是否赋予属于一个主权国家领土内的实体从该国分离出去的法律权利?国际法院对此只字未提。对于何种具体情形下分离权得以行使,国际法院在科索沃咨询案中并无突破。本文在回顾科索沃宣布独立的历史背景基础上,围绕科索沃独立引发的上述国际法争议,探讨了科索沃是否拥有通过人民自决原则行使从塞尔维亚分离的权利。与此同时,针对科索沃是否符合国际法上的国家资格标准,及其在国际法上的最终地位问题,本文一并予以论证并力图提出创建性的观点。对于国际法实践中类似的人民自决问题与领土分离争端的后续分析与研究,本文期待能贡献一份参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 On February 17th 2008, Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia, which immediately drew different reactions from international community. A number of States recognized independence of Kosovo, while some other States refused granting recognition to Kosovo even expressed that independence declaration of Kosovo violated the norms of international law being illegal. The recognition side and the non-recognition side constitute opposite camps, between which one of their key debates is whether Kosovo possesses the right of peoples’self-determination and then secedes from Serbia in international law.Under colonial context and the situation of subjection to alien subjugation, domination or exploitation, the people have the self-determination right. There is virtually no controversy about this point. Beyond this scope, based on evolution of the principle of peoples’self-determination experienced in the second half of the past century, contemporary international law including Declaration on Principles of International doesn’t preclude the exercising possibility of external self-determination, namely, secession. However, reference to concrete exercising of such possibility, there has not yet a set of definite regulation set up in international law.Kosovo’s status has used to be an autonomous province within Serbia. As to the legality question of Kosovo’s independence declaration, the General Assembly adopted resolution to enquiry the International Court of Justice (ICJ). On July 22nd 2010, ICJ delivered its Advisory Opinion considering that, the independence declaration of Kosovo didn’t violate any applicable international law. Nevertheless, regarding to the legal result of the independence declaration, whether Kosovo has satisfied the qualification criteria of a State, the role of other States’recognition and relevant subjects, in particular, in respect of whether international law invests an entity belonging to the territory of specific sovereign State the right to secede from that State, ICJ didn’t say any words. As to in what kind of situation the secession right could be exercised, ICJ kept silent and made no break-through in its Advisory Opinion.Surrounding the debates creating from Kosovo independence, the present dissertation recalled the historical background of Kosovo, discussed whether Kosovo possesses the right of secession from Serbia via carrying out the principle of people’s self-determination. Simultaneously, in regarding to whether Kosovo satisfies the qualification criteria of State, and the final status of Kosovo in international law, this article will examine as well and provide constructive opinions. As to aftermath analysis and research on analogous problems of people’s self-determination and territory separation disputes in international legal practice, the present writer expects that this article can sacrifice some referential value.更多还原