看不见的社区：一个珠三角彝族劳工群体的生活史研究

【作者】 宋宇；

【导师】 潘蛟；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 人类学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 在市场化改革导致的“民工潮”当中,作为自农村向城市迁徙的中国人的一部分,许多少数民族农民也离开家乡,进入城市劳动力市场寻找工作机会。但是,中国的少数民族多以“大杂居”和“小聚居"的形式居住在边疆地区或内地山区,仿佛是静止的人群。所以,进城务工的少数民族农民较少受到学者的关注。东部沿海地区时有发生的“民工荒”,劳动力供给不稳定,这就意味着需要更为庞大和灵活的劳动力储备。对临时工的大量需求,给缺乏技能的少数民族农民以脱离农业生产和进入工厂工作的机会。他们的文化习俗与社会组织形式,在不同情况下可能推动或阻碍了对这种弹性劳动力市场的适应。相对于汉族,少数民族农民离乡进城的影响可能更为深远,其原有的社会组织形式亦将发生变化甚至解体。但是,依据历史经验,移民在城市中往往会形成移民社区。在生活史的视角下,这种连续的变迁过程可以归结为生活秩序在异地的重建。身在珠江三角洲的彝族农民工就经历了这样的变迁。在新的生活环境当中,他们结成了自组织形式的共同体。以一部分工资为报酬,自组织中的带工老板负责为其他彝族农民工介绍工作,而在失业时则提供维持生活的救济。理解这种自组织的形成,需要考虑彝族的文化传统,带工老板的个体经验,以及珠江三角洲的地方背景等方面。个较长时期的、从家乡生活开始的历史回顾,有助于认识自组织内部的阶层分化和民族文化起到的作用。在自组织的内外运作和个体生活的种种细节当中,可以发现彝族人在城市中形成的实际上是一个移民社区。可是,当地工业区与居民区的分割与自组织内部的老板与工人的分层共同作用,导致这个移民社区形成了不同的形态——文化联系取代了聚居。这种移民社区的形态可以称作“看不见的社区”。更多还原

【Abstract】 As part of the Chinese people who migrated from rural to urban areas, many minority farmers left homeland to enter the urban labor market to earn a crust. And this is a phenomena which caused by the "shortage of peasant labor" after the market-oriented reforms. However, China’s ethnic minorities have the stereotype that they are quiescent groups live in the mountainous border areas or in the Mainland with the form described as "big mixed" and "small settlements". Therefore, there is less concern to these minority migrant workers as compare to Han migrants.The "shortage of peasant labor" in eastern coastal areas which caused by instability of labor supply indicates the need for more substantial and flexible labor pool. The high demand for temporary workers creates the opportunities for workers without enough skills, so that they could emancipate from agricultural production and work in the factories. Their cultural customs and forms of social organization in different situations may promote or hinder the adaptation of flexible labor market.As compare to the Han farmer, minority farmers left their homeland for the city may have more far-reaching impact, its original form of social organization will change or even disintegration. However, based on historical experience, immigrants tend to become the city immigrant communities. From the life history perspective, this continuous process of changing can be attributed to the reconstruction of order of life in different places.Yi migrant workers who live in Pearl River Delta have experienced changes. In the new living environment, they formed a community of self-organization. Part of the wages of the migrant workers have paid to the owners of the self-organization and the owners of the self-organization have the responsibility to finding the work chance for them, while unemployment benefits are provided to maintain live as well. To understand the formation of self-organization, it is important to consider the cultural tradition of the Yi, with work experience of the individual owner, and the background of Pearl River Delta and so on.A longer term historical review starts from the life in homeland helps to understand the self-stratification within the self-organization and the role of ethnic culture. From both inside and outside the operation of organization and the details of individual life, we found that in fact the self-organization of the Yi people in the city is a migrant community. However, within the division and self-organization with the hierarchy of owners and workers work together in the local industrial zones and residential areas, result in the formation of the migrant communities of different forms, which cultural ties replace the settlements. This form of migrant communities can be called the "invisible community."更多还原