【作者】 袁小祥；

【导师】 王晓青；

【作者基本信息】 中国地震局地震预测研究所 ， 固体地球物理学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 活动构造是了解环境演变和灾害发生机理的地学基础,与自然灾害有着密切的关系(陈颙等,2001)。最近一系列的大地震再一次表明了研究活动构造的紧迫性和重要性。遥感具有宏观性和直观性等特点,是进行活动构造分析的有效手段。目前遥感正朝着多源化方向发展,不同传感器,不同分辨率,不同特征遥感可以相互补充,相互验证,获得活动构造不同尺度的详细信息,为地震灾害防御、风险评估、工程建筑等提供科学依据。不同区域、不同类型的活动构造表现特征不同。为了充分利用多源遥感的优势,有效获得活动构造的相关信息,本文在国家973项目“中亚大三角地震域活断层解释”专题的支持下,在大量调研国内外现状的基础之上,系统地开展了基于中等分辨率光学影像和DEM的活动断裂信息提取方法研究,初步总结了活动断裂的遥感解译标志。基于此方法对富蕴断裂、甘孜玉树断裂以及岷江断裂进行了详细的分析研究,揭示断裂的几何和运动特征。对断裂的重点地区利用高分辨率遥感影像如SPOT影像、ALOS PRISM影像进一步获取了活动断裂更加详细的信息,并验证了中分辨率遥感影像活动断裂宏观解译的正确性和方法的可行性。表明基于中等分辨率的活动断裂提取方法是有效的,为同等构造环境区域的活动断裂解译提供了重要参考。结合高分辨率的航空遥感影像,本文研究了玉树地震地表破裂的图像特征,详细提取了该次地震地表破裂的空间展布。地表破裂的分布结果进一步证明了甘孜—玉树断裂的继承性活动特征,原断裂控制了该次地表破裂的分布。研究表明,震后快速获取的高分辨率遥感数据提供了及时有效的地震构造信息,为地面的详细调查提供了指导。为了研究地震地表破裂的细部特征,采用地面激光三维扫描仪获取的禅古寺附近地震地表破裂三维点云数据和纹理(照片),进行了地表破裂分布的三维建模分析,获取了定量的破裂特征,确定了玉树地震地表破裂在禅古寺附近表现为左旋逆断层性质,平均水平位错10cm,垂直位错74cm。表明激光三维扫描技术是活动构造精细与定量研究的有效手段。为活动断裂的活动性、动力学特征研究,以及区域地震危险性评价和工程建设提供重要的依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Active tectonics is the fundamentals to understand environmental evolution and disaster forming mechanism of the Earth. It is strongly related to natural disaster (Chen et al., 2001). A series of recent large earthquakes are once again stressed the urgency and importance of research of active tectonics. With the characters of broad perspectives and intuition, remote sensing is an effective tool to analyze the active tectonics. Nowadays, multi-source remote sensing is the important developing direction. Remote sensing images with different sensors, different resolutions and different properties can complement and validate each other. And they provide different scales of information of active tectonics for earthquake disaster prevention, risk assessment and so on.Active tectonics in different areas and types appears different features. In order to get much more information related active tectonics, advantages of multi-source remote sensing were used. In support of the project of seismic active fault interpretation in the large triangle area of central Asian, which is a national 973 programme,sponsored by MOST, this paper investigated the current active tectonics and carried out the systematic research of methods of active fault extraction from optical imageries and DEMs. Then, the image features for interpretation of active faults were also researched. On the basis of these methods, Fuyun fault, Ganzi-Yushu fault and Minjiang fault in the west of China were analyzed in detail. In the same time, their geometric and dynamic features were disclosed. For some important segments, high resolution remote sensing images such as SPOT images and ALOS PRISM images were used for validating the correctness of interpretation results and feasibility using these methods for further study. It is indicated that these methods based on medium resolution images are effective for active fault identification. Also, these methods can be applied to the region which has similar natural environment and geological setting for active fault information extraction.Combining with high-resolution aerial remote sensing images of Yushu, in this paper, the image characteristics of the earthquake surface rupture was studied, and the spatial distribution of the earthquake surface rupture was extracted in detail. The distribution results of surface rupture further confirmed the inherited activity characteristics of the Ganzi-Yushu fault,which the distribution characteristics of the original fault controlled the distribution characteristics of surface rupture caused by the Yushu earthquake. The study showed that high-resolution remote sensing data acquired rapidly after earthquake provided timely and effective seismotectonic information and guidance for detailed ground investigation.In order to study the more detail feature of surface rupture caused by earthquake, the Trimble GX 3D laser scanner was used to acquire the fine points cloud data of seismic surface rupture of Yushu fault, which is located near Changu temple, south of the Yushu city. Then, combing with high resolution texture photos obtained on site and precisely matched with the point cloud data, the 3D model of the surface rupture was created based on the no projection mode. Integrating the 3D model and fine cloud points, the quantitative and qualitative characters of surface rupture were obtained, which the surface rupture here was characterized by mainly vertical displacement with minor left-lateral movement. The mean horizontal movement was about 10cm and vertical displacement was about 74cm. The result showed that terrestrial LIDAR technology is a powerful, effective and promising tool to be applied to the research of seismic tectonics in detail and quantitatively. It can not only retrieve the actual morphology of tectonics in field, but also provide series of high-precision and quantitative parameters of active fault for further analysis.更多还原