【作者】 李宁；

【导师】 段霞瑜；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业科学院 ， 植物病理学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 小麦白粉病是由(Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici)引起的一种世界性病害,在全世界各主要小麦产区均有发生。目前主要采取种植抗病品种和化学防治进行防治。研究利用品种混种控制小麦病害的机制并建立其技术体系可以更安全有效的持续控制白粉病,本试验选用了五个抗病性不同的小麦品种京双16、京411、京冬8号、轮选987和保丰104。在2009~2010年期间进行田间多样性布局,研究在人工接种的条件下,不同抗性品种混种对小麦白粉病、小麦产量以及粗蛋白含量的影响;利用ISSR技术分析田间小麦白粉病菌的群体遗传多样性。研究结果如下:对2009~2010年度的AUDPC进行分析表明:两品种混种对小麦白粉病的平均病害防治效应为4.27%,变化幅度为-13.5%~17.73%;三品种的平均病害防治效应为3.81%,其变化幅度为-25.55%~27.7%,多品种混种的平均病害防治效应为-17%,变化幅度为-13.37%~2.08%。进一步分析观测值与理论值显示,不同品种混种均表现出不同程度的病害防治效果,同时不同品种混种之间的病害防治效应也表现出相当大的差异性,抗病比例越高,防病效果越好。出现这种差异性的主要原因可能与各混合组分的遗传背景有关。因此应选择遗传背景差异较大和抗感比例高的品种进行混种。对2009~2010年度的小麦产量和粗蛋白含量进行分析表明:两品种、三品种和多品种混种的平均相对增产率分别为-7.45%、-12.85%和-16.88%,不同品种混种间的差异性较大,且混种组成品种之间有互作效应。例如,京411和保丰104对产量有正面影响,而轮选987、京冬8号、京双16有负面影响,但在病害发生较轻的条件下,不同小麦品种混种还是表现出一定的增产优势对小麦产量和千粒重进行比较分析表明,小麦品种混种的增产不是完全通过影响千粒重来实现的。两品种、三品种和多品种混种中小麦籽粒粗白质含量平均相对增加率分别为-1.72%、-0.735%和-2.81%,其中两品种混种间的小麦籽粒蛋白质含量差异性较大,随着组成混合品种的数目的增加,其差异性有减弱的趋势。本研究选用8条扩增条带清晰、多态性高、重复性好的ISSR引物对田间采集的白粉菌标样进行PCR扩增分析,结果表明:不同品种组合上采集的白粉菌标样的群体遗传多样性有较大的差异性,相对于病害前期,纯品种京双16、京411和京冬8号以及四品种组合京双16:京411:京冬8号:轮选987在病害后期采集的田间白粉菌标样的群体遗传多样性反而更少一些,白粉菌群体宗群数较少,优势宗群所占的比例较大,这表示品种的选择至关重要。品种混合种植小区的白粉菌群体遗传多样性普遍高于纯品种小区;增加混合种植的品种数目并不能增加寄主对病原菌的稳定化选择。更多还原

【Abstract】 Wheat powdery mildew is caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici, which is a worldwide disease and the world’s major wheat region are happening. At present main control measures of wheat powdery mildew are planting resistant varieties and chemical control. Research use of cultivar mixtures for controling wheat diseases and esTable lish the technical system can be more safe and effective continuous control powdery mildew. In this experiment, we chose five species with different resistance, Jingshuang16, Jing411, Jingdong8, Lunxuan987, Bao feng104. Mixtures with two, three, four or five species and single varieties were inoculated with mix powdery mildews field test in 2009~2010. The changes of AUDPC, the wheat yield and the crude protein content were investigated and analyzed. The genetic diversity and genetic structure of the powdery mildews in trial field were analyzed with ISSR molecular marker, and the results are as follows:The analysis of AUDPC shows that the average control efficacy of the two cultivar mixtures was 4.27%, and the changes of control efficacy were 13.5% ~ 17.73%. The average control efficacy of the three cultivar mixtures was 3.81%, and the changes of control efficacy were -25.55%~27.7%. The average control efficacy of the two cultivar mixtures was -17%, and the changes of control efficacy were -13.37%~2.08%. Comparison of the real and the theoretical AUDPC in different treatments shows that mixture of different varieties show different disease control effect. There are many differences between in cultivar mixtures treatments, and the higher the proportion of the resistant cultivars the better the control efficacy. This is possible that there are many differences in the genetic background of the cultivar mixtures. So, we should choose wheat cultivar with difference genetic background as much as possible, and the control efficacy of cultivar mixtures would decrease when there are foreign pathogen.The analysis of wheat yield and the crude protein content indicate that the average yield increase of the two cultivar mixtures was -7.45%, the average yield increase of the three cultivar mixtures was -12.85%, and the average yield increase of the more cultivar mixtures was-16.88%. There were some differences in different cultivar mixtures treatments, and there were interactions between varieties used in mixtures. For example, Jing 411 and Bao feng104 had a positive effect on yield, and Lun xuan987, Jingdong8 and Jingshuang16 have a negative impact. the cultivar mixtures can increase the wheat yield when the wheat powdery mildew was not serious. The analysis of wheat yield and thousand kernels weight indicate that the increase of wheat yield was not in accorodance with the thousand kernels weight. The average increase of the crude protein content in two cultivar mixtures was -1.72%, the average increase of the crude protein content in three cultivar mixtures was -0.735%, and the average increase of the crude protein content in more cultivar mixtures was -2.81%, There were many differences in different two cultivar mixtures treatments, as the number of cultivar mixtures is increasing, the difference decreases.The populations of wheat powdery mildew from field experiment treatment were studied with 8 pairs of ISSR primers. The results show that the genetic diversity of the wheat powdery mildew samples from different mixtures had some differences. The genetic diversity of the second wheat powdery mildew samples from Jingshuang16, Jing411 and Jingdong8 were lower than the first, and the number of powdery mildew lineage is little, the proportion of dominant lineage is more. The genetic diversity of wheat powdery mildew samples from cultivar mixtures is higher than from ingle varieties. This shows that the choice of breed is very important. The genetic diversity of wheat powdery mildew samples is not along with the simple increase of the number of cultivar mixtures.更多还原