跳远摆臂技术对起跳效果影响的研究

【作者】 刘姗；

【导师】 康喜来；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 随着跳远运动成绩的不断提高,人们越来越认识到起跳动作是跳远技术的主要环节,并且这一结论已被大量的理论及运动实践所证实。而起跳技术是由起跳腿的缓冲与蹬伸,并配合摆动动作的有效摆动来完成的。通过查阅有关的文献资料并进行整理分析后发现,目前,国内外关于跳远起跳动作的研究大多集中于起跳腿在起跳阶段的效应及其对运动成绩的影响方面,而对于摆动动作,尤其是上肢摆臂技术在起跳过程中的作用,研究的较少,也未引起人们足够重视。事实上,摆臂技术起着很重要的上下肢协调和配合作用。很多国外优秀的运动员,都是具备出色的助跑速度和向前性,并且也具备良好准确的踏板起跳技术,这为取得优异的跳远成绩打下了良好殷实的基础。然而,良好的助跑和踏跳是靠稳固的技术基础作为铺垫。无论是助跑的速度,向前性,还是踏板起跳的准确度都和运动员上下肢的配合是分不开的。一般来说,下肢是占着主导型作用,国外优秀的运动员具备良好的下肢技术优势,所以很多学者,对下肢技术研究较多也较深。一般我们认为在跳远助跑中,起跑,加速跑,途中跑,板前加速这四个环节是助跑技术好坏的关键,因此无论在教学还是训练中,教练员或教师都非常重视下肢技术,以便能更直接更快速的提高跳远成绩。而在上肢摆臂技术的教学和训练中,普遍不受教师甚至教练员的重视,而且教学方法及训练手段也较为单一。因此我们常常可以看到,许多学生或者运动员的摆臂动作存在很大的问题。例如不协调,不积极,方向不正,动作僵硬等不合理的技术现象。这样的错误技术其实再很大程度上影响着运动员在助跑或起跳中上下肢的配合,而不协调完善的上下肢动作,其实对跳远成绩有很大的制约,并且或多或少影响着成绩的发挥。有的学者或专家认为：“手臂动作越快,腿的动作越快”,“手臂动作越平稳,步子也就越平稳”,“助跑速度是摆臂加摆腿”。由此,我们可以看出,上肢摆臂的技术效果对跳远助跑和起跳其实有着非常重要的意义。所以,教师或者教练员不应在教学与训练中只重视到运动员下肢技术动作,而完全忽视上肢技术尤其是手臂动作。不止确的上肢技术可以造成整个技术动作不连贯不协调,甚至形成错误的技术动作,这样同样很人程度上影响着助跑的准确度及速度,严重的,同样会影响到跳远成绩的发挥。据此本文研究上肢摆臂技术,通过对陕西省体育运动学校田径队10名跳远运动员进行三个实验研究：一、摆臂技术可以加强运动员下肢在助跑中的后蹬力量的实验；二、伸掌摆臂与手掌半握拳摆臂在摆臂频率上存在不同差异的实验；三、上肢摆臂技术对于提高跳远中助跑步频的实验。通过对这三个实验研究的结果发现：1,要想发挥出下肢腿部最人力量是不能单纯的用支撑腿后蹬。后蹬力量是源于人的整体动作,摆臂可以加大下肢后蹬的力量,这样对助跑的向前性及速度都有较大的帮助。2,手掌半握拳摆臂前臂距离较短,而伸掌摆臂能够提高助跑速度。因为手掌半握拳摆臂不具备手掌的牵引作用。摆臂的力量和幅度较小。这样会影响了助跑的速度发挥,因为它对下肢助跑时的频率和步幅提高并不人。3,实验数据表明,运动员摆臂与不摆臂,甚至摆臂的好坏,对助跑的步频影响非常人,而步频也是决定起跳效果好坏的因素之一当前,优秀男子跳远运动员在助跑最后十米的速度已经达到10.65-11.25米／秒,在如此高速助跑的情况下,如果想将跳远项目的成绩水平推向一个新的阶段,进一步提高运动成绩,并向人类极限发起挑战,那么,起跳瞬间的蹬摆技术高度统一、协调用力就成为了整个起跳动作的关键,因此,研究起跳过程中的摆臂动作技术的运动学特征,并将这些技术细节问题归纳、总结,形成完整的、具有理论指导意义的研究成果,从中找出一些具有规律性的东西,使跳远技术项目更加系统和完善,使训练更加具有科学性和针对性,从而有效提高训练质量,为取得更为优异的成绩创造条件。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the jumpers continue to improve, increasing awareness of action is to jump off the main aspects of technology, and, this conclusion has been a lot of theory and practice sports confirmed. The Take Off in the buffer by the take-off and kicking legs and swinging with the swing to the effective completion. By consulting the relevant literature and conducted and analyzed and found, at present, domestic and international action on the long jump take-off studies are focused on the take-off leg in the jump phase of the effect and its impact on their scores, and for swinging, especially the upper limb arm off the course in the role of the less, it did not attract enough attention. In fact, the swing arm technology plays a very important role in coordination and cooperation on the lower limbs. Many foreign athletes, all with excellent speed and ahead of the run-up, and also off the pedal with good accurate technology, which achieved excellent long jump to lay a good basis for well-off.However, a good approach and Jumping by a solid technical foundation is a foreshadowing. Both the run-up speed, forward of, or the accuracy of all the pedal off and athletes with upper and lower extremities are inseparable. In general, the lower extremity is occupied oriented role, the foreign athletes have a good technical advantages of lower extremities, many scholars have lower limb technology more deeply. Generally, we believe that in the run-up in the long jump, start, buildup, on the way to run, four links front of the board to speed up that run-up technology is the key to good or bad, so whether in teaching or training, coaches or teachers attach great importance to lower limb technology in order to more directly improve the long jump faster. Upper arm in the teaching and training in technology, the general attention from teachers and even coaches, and teaching methods and training methods are more simple. Therefore, we often see that many students or athletes there is a big problem arm movements. For example, lack of coordination, not positive, the direction is not straight, stiff and so unreasonable technical phenomenon. In fact, such a mistake again significantly influenced the technology players in the run-up or jump in with the upper and lower extremities, upper and lower limbs without perfect coordination of movements, in fact, long jump is very restricted, and the results more or less affected play. Some scholars or experts that:"the faster the arm action, leg action sooner," "The more smooth arm movements, the more stable pace," "run-up speed of arm plus leg swing." As a result, we can see that the technical effect of upper arm on the long jump approach and take-off has a very important fact. Therefore, teachers or coaches in teaching and training should not only attach importance to the Athletes Lower Extremity Technique, and completely ignore the technology, especially the upper arm movements. Incorrect technique can cause upper limb movements are not consistent throughout the technology uncoordinated, and even the formation of the wrong technology movements, such as a large extent influence the accuracy and speed of run-up, serious, it will also affect the long jump in the play.Accordingly this paper, upper arm technology, through the Shaanxi Provincial Sports School track and field team six 18-22 year-old man two long jumpers to three experimental studies:First, the swing arm technology can enhance the athletes in the run-up in the lower extremities after pedal power experiments; Second, Hand palm arm in arm with the palm arm fist half of the frequency difference between the existence of different experiments; third, upper arm technical assistance for improving the running long jump in the frequency of the experiment. Through these three experimental results of this study:1, in order to play the lower extremity leg strength is not simply the maximum use of the supporting leg after kicking. After kicking strength is derived from the overall action, after the pedal arm can increase leg strength, so that the forward to the run-up and speed are of great help.2, the hand arm forearm half-fist shorter distances, and Hand palm arm can improve the run-up speed. Because the arm does not have the palm of your hand palm fist half of the traction. Arm strength and a small range. This will affect the run-up speed of play, because of its lower limbs when the run-up to improve the frequency and stride length is not large.3, experimental data show that athletes with and without arm swing arm, and even arm is good or bad impact on the approach of the step frequency is very large, and the effect of stride frequency is good or bad decision to take off one of the factors.Currently, Long Jumpers speed of ten meters in the run-up has reached the final 10.65-11.25m/ s, high-speed run-up in such a case, if you want the level of achievement in the long jump to a new stage, to further improve athletic performance, challenge to human limits, then kicking off the moment technology is highly placed unified, coordinated force to become the key to the take-off action, and therefore the study arm off in the process of Kinematic Characteristics of action, and the technical details summarized the problem, summarize, a complete, theoretical significance of the research results, to find some things with regularity, the long jump more systematic and complete technology projects to make the training more scientific and relevant, so as to effectively improve training quality, to get more good results and create conditions.更多还原