【作者】 岳峰；

【导师】 王天厚；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 生态学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 对受损湖泊湿地进行科学的修复是目前生态学研究的热点之一。上海地区的湖泊湿地主要集中在以大莲湖为核心的淀山湖区域,该区域是黄浦江上游重要的淡水水源地,提供了水源涵养、生物多样性保育等生态功能,而且该区域可记录到的鸟类有17目,48科,183种,其种类和数量已达到国际重要湿地的标准。但由于受到人类非理性水土资源开发活动等原因的影响,使得上海的湖泊湿地遭到严重破坏,生态功能退化、经济社会价值显著降低,这不仅会影响到区域供用水安全,还会制约流域(区域)整体生态安全的维系,成为区域协调发展的障碍性因素。为应对以上问题,《上海市青西地区总体规划(2005～2020年)(草案)》明确将环淀山湖203.3km2的地区功能定位于上海最大的水源地保护区和生态涵养区,并提出了以大莲湖为中心的湿地修复设计作为受损湖泊湿地修复的首个方案,规划区域(下文称湿地公园规划区)面积为14.6km2,首期工程区(下文称工程试验区)位于规划区内的大莲湖东北方位。本文基于此湿地修复工程,选取鸟类这一湿地生态系统中最活跃、最引人注目的组成部分作为研究对象,来评估湿地修复的效果,进而提出湿地关键物种(鸟类)的保育策略和栖息地优化方法。本文主要内容包括：1,湿地公园规划区鸟类多样性调查。2009年12月至2010年3月,对规划区内的4种主要生境(自然湿地、人工湿地、农田和林地)的冬季鸟类群落进行了调查,并对4种生境的鸟类多样性指数和鸟类群落的相似性进行比较。共记录到72种鸟类,隶属11目28科。鸟类群落的a多样性分析表明：4种生境鸟类群落的Shannon-Wiener(H’)指数存在极显著差异,林地最大,农田最小；农田的优势度指数(0最高,其次为自然湿地,人工湿地和林地的优势度指数没有差异；林地的Pielou (J)指数明显高于其他生境,农田的最低,自然湿地和人工湿地之间的均匀度没差异；林地的物种丰富度(R)高于其他生境,其他三种生境的物种丰富度没有差异。p多样性分析表明：自然湿地和人工湿地的鸟类群落的相似性指数(Si)最高,人工湿地和农田的相似性指数最低；Bray-Curtis旨数(CN)最高的为人工湿地-林地,最低的为农田-林地。生境间异质性和人为活动是影响规划区冬季鸟类群落特征的重要原因。生境破碎化和非法捕猎对鸟类多样性有非常不利的影响。2,工程试验区鸟类多样性。2008年12月至2010年6月,对工程试验区的鸟类及环境因子进行了跟踪调查,并对工程试验区内的鸟类和环境因子进行了分区记录。共记录到鸟类105种,隶属13目34科,占上海市鸟类359种的29.25%、占淀山湖群区域鸟类183种的57.38%。施工后记录到14种新分布于该区域的鸟类,其中白胸翡翠(Halcyon smyrnensis)为上海市新记录。分析表明：由于季节和施工因素,施工区域内各分区的多样性指数并未表现出较为明显的变化趋势；威胁鸟类多样性的因素有土地利用方式单一、水面积比例不适宜、水深过大、植被配置不合理、光滩(泥滩)比例、裸地比例不合理以及较重的人为干扰。3,工程试验区修复效果。整个施工区域雁鸭类种类和数量都有上升,说明工程试验区的大水面已可以招引雁鸭类；鸻鹬类有升有降,原因在于部分区域地形塑造和植被培育尚未完全完成,光滩(泥滩)面积不稳定；鹭科鸟类有下降的趋势,原因在于精养型鱼塘被粗放型鱼塘代替,使其丧失了部分觅食地。统观水鸟、林鸟和所有的鸟类,整体呈现出上升的趋势,湿地修复初见成效。4,鸟类栖息地优化。主要保护建议为：水位的变化直接影响到区域内的水面积比例和光滩(泥滩)比例,要重点考虑水位这一指标;为鸻鹬类营造同时包含水域、裸地和植被三种景观要素的生境；控制人为干扰；适当为水鸟投放底栖动物和鱼类等食物；精养鱼塘可为大量的鸟类提供提供觅食生境,需适当保留。更多还原

【Abstract】 The scientific restoration on the deteriorated lake wetlands is one of the hot topics in ecological research. Most Shanghai lake wetlands are located in Dianshanhu multi-lakes area in western suburb, which is center around Dalian Lake. This area is part of the water source region of Huangpu River with abundant wetland resources and high-level biodiversity, where the birds’type and quantity has reached the international standard of important wetlands. However, the abuse of land and water resource in Shanghai lake wetlands leads to serious ecological problems, which brings about safety hazard to the regional water supply and becomes the limiting factor to this coordinated growth.To cope with the problems above, "Shanghai West Qingpu district planning (2005-2020) (draft)" explicitly located the ring Dianshan Lake 203.3km2 area orientation in Shanghai’s biggest water reserves and ecological conservation areas, and proposed the wetland restoration design, focusing on Dalian Lake, as the first scheme. The planning region’s area is 14.6km2, and the first phase of the project area is located in the northeast of Dalian Lake. Based on this wetland restoration project, we selected the birds, the most active and striking part, as our research object to evaluate the effect of wetland restoration, and then put forward the key species’conservation strategies and optimization method of habitat.The main content as follows:1. Avain diversity investigation in the planted area of wetlands park. From December 2009 to March 2010, an investigation was made on avian communities in four major habitats,i. e., natural wetlands, artificial wetlands, farmlands and woodlands in planted area, with related diversity indices analyzed. A total of 72 species belonging to 11 orders and 28 families was recorded. The significant difference was presented among the avian communities of the four habitats in Shannon-Wiener index (H’). Farmlands has the highest dominance index (C), followed by natural wetlands while no significant difference was found in that between artificial wetlands and woodlands. The Pielou index (J) of woodlands was significantly higher than other habitats and that of farmlands was lowest, while no significant difference was found between natural wetlands and artificial wetlands. Woodlands has the highest species richness and no significant difference was found in richness among the other there habitats. The similarity index (S1) of avian community of natural wetlands-artificial wetlands was the highest while that of artificial-farmlands area avian communities was the lowest, and the Bray-Curtis (CN) index of avian community of artificial wetlands-woodlands was the highest while that of farmlands-woodlands area avian communities was the lowest. Inter-habitat’s heterogeneity and human activities were the main factors affecting the characteristics of avian community in Dalian Lake wetlands. Habitat fragmentation and illegal hunting hold negative impacts on the avian community.2. Avian diversity in the engineering experimental region. From December 2008 to June 2010, a tracking investigation was carried out on the birds and the environmental factors, in which bird index and environmental factors were recorded divisionally. A total of 134 species belonging to 13 orders and 34 families was recorded, which is accounted for 29.25% of the total number of the birds in Shanghai and 57.38% of the total number of the birds in Dianshan Lake area.14 new species were recorded after the construction, in which Halcyon smyrnensis is a new record in Shanghai. There was not significant trend in the bird diversity because of the reasons and the construction. The single land utilization way, inappropriate water area ratio, excessive water depth, inapposite vegetation arrangements, unreasonable proportion of bare mudflat and proportion of barren and heavy human disturbance are all the factors which influencing the bird diversity.3. The effects of restoration in the engineering experimental region. The increase both in the species and number of anatidae showed that the large water area in the engineering experimental region had could attract the anatidae. Some areas have not completed the terrain shaping and vegetation fostering which resultes the rise and fall in the number of waders. There is a downward trend in the ardeidae which is caused by the aquaculture ponds being replaced by the ecological ponds. On the whole, there is upward trend in all the birds and initial success of wetland restoration.4. The avian habitat optimization. The main conservation proposals as follows:wate level should be one important consideration because the change in water level is related to the proportion of the water and the proportion of bare mudflat. For the waders, habitat needs to containe three kinds of landscape element, which is body of water, vegetation and bare flats. Human disturbance should be under a low level. The aquaculture ponds, which could provide foraging habitat for large amount of birds, should be reserved properly.更多还原