面孔识别中异族效应的行为与电生理学研究

【作者】 张敏；

【导师】 杨昭宁；

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 面孔是人们在日常生活中接触最多的刺激形式之一,通过面孔识别,人们可以获得性别、年龄、种族等大量丰富的社会互动信息。在面孔识别中,异族效应是一种较为特殊的社会认知现象,表现为人们对于本种族人面孔的识别与记忆成绩要好于对外族人面孔的识别与记忆。以往的研究中研究者多采用“再认”范式对异族效应进行研究,结果也多集中于中西方面孔之间加工方式与脑神经机制的不同。本研究刺激材料加入了黑人的面孔,主要探讨被试对三个不同种族面孔识别中出现的异族效应在记忆的编码与提取阶段表现出的形式及其神经加工机制,并进一步研究三个不同种族面孔在多维面孔空间中的相对位置关系。本研究包含两个实验。实验一采用“学习—再认”范式,被试同时对本族面孔,欧洲面孔和非洲面孔进行学习并随后再认识别,研究三个不同种族面孔记忆编码的差异(DM效应)和提取的差异(Old/New效应)。实验二采用“连续面孔识别任务”,让被试判断经morphing method处理过的两两种族之间特征渐变的刺激图片,研究被试对种族特征变化的敏感程度,考察三个不同种族面孔在多维的面孔心理空间中的相互位置关系。研究结果表明：1、在不同种族面孔图片的再认中,被试对本族面孔的辨别力相比异族面孔要高。2、在面孔识别的记忆编码阶段存在本族面孔加工优势,亚洲面孔的后续记忆效应显著,非洲与欧洲面孔编码成功与编码失败的项目之间差异不显著。3、在面孔识别的记忆提取阶段存在本族面孔再认优势,亚洲面孔的新旧效应显著,非洲及欧洲面孔成功再认旧面孔与正确判断新面孔之间的差异不显著。4、面孔特异性成分N170受种族特征影响,潜伏期有所差异。5、被试对本族面孔及非洲面孔种族特征变化敏感,在多维面孔心理空间中,本种族面孔表征分布于面孔空间中心周围,集中程度较小；非洲面孔较欧洲面孔与面孔空间中心距离更近,集中程度更小,欧洲面孔的表征离面孔空间中心较远,集中程度较大。更多还原

【Abstract】 Face is the stimulation form which people most accept in the daily life. Through face recognition, people may obtain lots of information such as gender, age, race and so on. In face perception, other-race effect is a specific phenomenon of social cognition, which represents easier identification of individual faces from one’s own race comparing to other-race faces.The researchers tended to use "recognition" paradigm to study other-race effect in previous studies, and the result often concentrated in the difference of processing methods and neural mechanisms between the east and the west faces. In this article, we adds the Africa faces to the simulation materials, aiming to find the neural mechanisms in the encoding and to research the retrieval stage of face recognition and the relative position of three different race faces in the multi-dimensional face space.Our research contains two experiments, In the first experiment we uses "recognition" paradigm to study the DM effect in encoding phase and Old/New effect in retrieval phase respectively. In the second experiment we uses sequential face identification task to study the participants’discriminability for race information change and the relative position of three different race faces in the multi-dimensional face space.Finally, we can draw the following conclusions from the data of the research.1. The participants have higher discrimination for native faces than other-race face in the face perception.2. The advantage of face processing for different race face existed in the encoding stage of face perception, and the DM effect (difference in subsequent memory) of own race face is more significant than other two race faces.3. In the retrieval stage, participants responded stronger Old/New effect for own race, and the differences are also significant with other two races.4. The specific component N170 was affected by the race and has a difference in the latency period.5. The participants have greater sensitivity to the change of their own race and black faces’feature. And it suggests that in multiple face space participants’own race and black face are less tightly clustered than the white, and the representation of white faces needs more distance from the center of face space with stronger concentration.更多还原