【作者】 曲媛媛；

【导师】 柳经纬；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 比较法学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 合同自由源于私法自治原则,也是合同法的基本原则之一。然而基于合同正义,合同自由应该予以限制。强制缔约制度是对合同自由原则的一种限制,当供求关系双方当事人之间力量对比悬殊,特别是供应者居于垄断地位时,强制缔约可以起到保护个体利益和实现利益平衡的作用。1在德国,合同自由是受宪法保障的,德国《基本法》第2条第1款规定了人的自由发展权,合同自由便是其中应有之内容。从这个意义上来说,强制缔约更是侵犯到了宪法性权利,所以对强制缔约的归置就显得更为重要。很多德国学者都对强制缔约做过定义,其中以尼佩代(Hans Carl Nipperdey)的定义最为经典:“强制缔约是根据法律制度规范,为一个受益人的利益,在无权利主体意思拘束的情况下,使一个权利主体负担与该受益人订立具有特定内容或者具有应由中立方指定内容的合同的义务。”2该定义提纲挈领地阐释了强制缔约制度的精髓。在德国,强制缔约制度并非由法律明文规定,但是却蕴含在各种法律规范之中,适用范围较为广泛。理论界和实践中对于强制缔约的一些基本问题也逐渐形成了一些通说,但是相关争论也从来没有停止过。德国学者倾向于将强制缔约纳入到侵权法体系,同时在合同法体系中也有相关尝试,但是无论是侵权法体系还是合同法体系中的法律依据,似乎都无法与强制缔约的适用条件完全匹配,每一法律依据都或多或少地存在着不足和缺憾。因此,笔者萌生了在德国法上为强制缔约寻找新的理论基础的想法。从尼佩代的定义中可以看出,基于利益平衡而设置的缔约义务具有法定保护性质,这使得以所有法定保护义务为研究基础的“统一法定保护关系”理论进入笔者的视线。虽然该理论并非为解决强制缔约问题而提出,但是由于该理论的开放性,笔者将尝试以“统一法定保护关系”理论和违反法定保护义务的信赖责任作为强制缔约的理论基础,找出这一理论相对于侵权责任和合同责任的优越之处,来为强制缔约的实现提供更完善的理论支撑。本文以德国法上强制缔约的现行法依据为起点,参阅德国司法判例,研读学界中的相关理论和制度,主要采用案例分析、比较分析、定性分析的方法,找出现行法中存在的问题,并在此基础上试图为强制缔约寻找新的理论基础。全文分三个部分予以论述:第一部分:介绍德国法上强制缔约的法律现状,比较、分析侵权法领域和合同法领域中强制缔约的法律依据,找出这些法律规范作为强制缔约基础的优劣之处。第二部分:介绍德国法中强制缔约的具体实现方式,即在何种前提条件下可以强制缔约、如何通过诉讼程序来保证强制缔约的实现。第三部分:通过前两部分对德国法上强制缔约问题的介绍、分析和思考,尝试为强制缔约寻找新的理论支撑。在论述卡纳里斯“统一法定保护关系”以及“信赖责任”理论的基础上,提出将该理论作为强制缔约理论基础的可能性并对此予以论证。中国的强制缔约制度也存在着体系不完整、适用条件和法律责任不明确等问题。本文虽然以德国法为背景进行分析,但是笔者希望最终能对中国法上强制缔约制度的建立有所帮助和借鉴。更多还原

【Abstract】 The principle of Contract Freedom from the Private Autonomy is one of the basic principles of Contract Law. However, Contract Freedom should be limited because of Contract Justice. Compulsory Contracting is a restriction of Contract Freedom. When there is a great disparity between the supplier and the consumer, in particular the supplier is in a monopoly status, Compulsory Contracting plays an important role in protecting the individual interests and balancing the interests between the parties. In Germany, Contract Freedom is guaranteed by the Constitution, Article 2, Paragraph 1 provides the free development of human rights, Contract Freedom is one of its content. In this sense, Compulsory Contracting is a violation of the constitutional right, so the regulations of Compulsory Con-tracting are extremely important.Many German scholars have done on the definition of Compulsory Contracting and the most classic one is from Hans Carl Nipperdey. In Germany, Compulsory Contracting is not expressly provided by law, but is contained in a variety of legal norms and is wide applied. With regard to some of the basic problems of Compulsory Contracting, it has gradually unified in theory and practice, but related debate has never stopped. The German scholars tend to classify Compulsory Contracting into the Tort Law, and also try it in the Contract Law, but neither in Contract Law nor in Tort Law can man find a proper legal basis to match the application condi-tions of Compulsory Contracting exactly.Therefore, the author sprouted to find a new legal basis in the German Law for the Compulsory Contracting. It can be seen from the definition of Nipperdey that the Contracting Obligation based on balancing the interests of the parties has the legal protective character, which makes the "United Legal Protective Relationship" theory based on all the legal protective ob-ligation into the author’s attention. Although the theory is not presented for Compulsory Contracting, but because of the openness of this theory, the author will try to make the "United Legal Protective Relationship" theory and the "Reliance Responsibility" because of the breach of legal protective obligation to be the theoretical basis for Compulsory Contracting and iden-tify their strengths compared with the Tort Liability and Contract Liability in order to provide a more complete theoretical support for the realization of Compulsory Contracting.This thesis which based on the German existing regulations of Com-pulsory Contracting, refers to the German jurisprudence and the relevant theories, applies case analysis, comparative analysis and qualitative analy-sis, identifies the problems in the existing system and additionally tries to find a new theoretical basis for Compulsory Contracting. This thesis is di-vided into three parts:Part I: Introduction of the legal status of compulsory contracting in German law, analysis of the existing regulations in the field of Tort Law and Contract Law, identification of strengths and weaknesses of these regulations.Part II: Introduction of the concrete implementation of Compulsory Contracting in German law, that is, on which conditions can man compul-sory contract, how to realize Compulsory Contracting.Part III: Based on the first two parts the author tries to find a new theoretical support for Compulsory Contracting and analyses the possibility of "United Legal Protective Relationship" and "Reliance Responsibility" from Canaris as the theoretical basis for Compulsory Contracting. Compulsory Contracting in China is also not complete, applicable conditions and legal liability issues are not clear. Although this thesis ana-lyzes the context of German Law, but the author hopes that it can help eventually to establish Compulsory Contracting system in China.更多还原