【作者】 曲武；

【导师】 卢文喜；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 水文学及水资源， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 吉林省西部地区草原地势平坦,物种丰富,以盛产羊草驰名中外,是优良的放牧场和割草场,是我国重要的畜牧业生产基地之一。近年来,由于人畜数量的快速增长和以资源环境为代价的粗放型经营,使吉林省西部草地退化日趋严重,草原“三化”面积逐年扩大,产草量逐年下降,严重影响了当地的经济发展与社会建设。国内外的先进经验及多年的生产实践都充分证明,建立优质高产的人工草地是治理草地退化、提高草地生产力、改善农业生态环境、实现草畜平衡的重要措施。建立人工草地就必须有相应的灌溉系统,而吉林省西部属于半干旱地区,水分匮乏成为限制人工草地发展的瓶颈。因此建立有效的节水灌溉体系对于吉林省西部人工草地的发展至关重要。本文以吉林省西部草原代表性牧草——羊草为研究对象,通过羊草野外非充分灌溉试验获得第一手资料,首次在吉林省西部建立经验型动态作物水分生产函数模型,并以此为基础,建立羊草灌溉制度优化模型,运用模拟退火优化算法和变尺度混沌优化算法求解模型获得适合吉林省西部人工草地优化灌溉制度。本文主要研究内容及研究成果如下：1.本文以吉林省西部代表性地区(白城地区)的典型牧草——羊草的节水机理及优化灌溉制度为重点研究目标,在吉林省白城市通榆县三家子草场开展羊草非充分灌溉试验,经过2010年的试验观测,取得了研究羊草需水耗水规律的第一手资料。2.依据羊草非充分灌溉试验所获得的数据资料,求取羊草各个生育阶段的干物质增加率以及水分亏缺影响函数。通过分析得出如下结论：(1)羊草各个生育阶段干物质增加率依次为1.43、1.74、3.83、1.23、1.14,说明拔节期是羊草干物质积累最重要的阶段,分蘖期和抽穗期次之,返青期和成熟期最少。(2)五个生育阶段的水分亏缺影响函数客观反映出羊草生长的需水耗水规律,各个生育阶段对水分敏感程度表现为：拔节期>分蘖期>抽穗期>返青期>成熟期。3.天然降水是水资源系统中重要的输入项,是评价一个地区水资源量的重要指标,同时也是农田土壤根系层水分补给的基本来源。本文以通榆县近65年的降水资料为例,从降水发生的随机性,统计规律性和统计相似性入手,将蒙特卡罗方法(Mente-carlo)和最近邻抽样回归模型(NNBR)进行结合并对降水量进行预报。通过检验证明模型是具有较好的合理性与适用性。4.本文依据动态规划法的求解特点建立了相应的灌溉制度优化模型,并给出模拟退火算法(SA)和变尺度混沌优化算法(CA)两种智能优化算法的求解思路和步骤。SA算法以概率的形式来接受最优解的方式增加了其搜索过程的灵活性,防止陷入局部最优解。CA算法直接在允许解空间进行搜索,搜索过程按混沌运动自身规律进行,更容易跳出局部最优解,且搜索效率高。5.依据所建立的模型及求解方法,开发了适合于吉林省西部人工草地的灌溉制度优化设计软件,并以2010年吉林省西部通榆县三家子草场羊草非充分灌溉试验数据为依据,计算得出羊草的优化灌溉制度。分析灌溉制度优化方案可知：拔节期、分蘖期和抽穗期是需水关键期,水量分配可占用水总量的70%以上,若要获得灌溉定额下的较高产量,灌水分配应首先保证这三个阶段的需水要求。更多还原

【Abstract】 The west of Jilin Province is one of the important bases of animal husbandry in our country. as great grazing pasture and mowing pasture with flat grassland and richness plant species. especially famous chinensis.In recent years.due to rapid growth of people and livestock and to cost the resources and environment under extensive operating and mismanagement. grassland seriously degrades:the environment of grassland deteriorates extremely. seriously affecting the local economy development and social construction. Domestic and foreign advanced experience and practice of years have proved. the establishment of high quality artificial grassland is the management of grassland degradation and improve grassland productivity. improve agricultural ecological environment and realize the importance of measures to balance livestock. Irrigation system is important for establishing artificial grassland. but the west of Jilin Province is semi-arid area.which is lack of water for irrigating artificial grassland. Therefore, the save-irrigation should be realized and the irrigation system should be established, which is important for artificial grassland in the west of Jilin Province.This thesis studied the important herbage——chinensis in west area of Jilin Province as the breakthrough point. Firstly. based on the data of the experimentation of limited irrigation of chinensis. we established empirical dynamic model of water production function in west area of Jilin Province for the first time.Then we established optimization model of irrigation schedule for chinensis, and presented solution method for the model. At last we got the optimization of irrigation schedule of artificial grassland in the west Jilin Province by simulated annealing algorithm (SA) and chaos optimization algorithm (CA).The concrete study contents are as follows:1. Because the water saving mechanism and the optimal irrigation schedule about chinensis artificial grassland in Baicheng area of Jilin Province is the key study object. we developed the experimentation of limited irrigation of chinensis in the Sanjiazi pasture of Baicheng area in Jilin Province. Through the experimentation and observation in 2010. we got the firsthand data for the study of water demand and consumption rules of chinensis.2. Based on the data of the experimentation. we got increased coefficient of dry matter in all growth stages of chinensis and influence function of water deficit. We got the conclusions as follow:(1) The increased coefficient of dry matter in all growth stages of chinensis are as follow:1.24、1.74、3.83、1.23、1.14. The number of above show that chinensis jointing is the most important phase of dry matter accumulation. tillering and heading, followed by at least turning green and maturity. (2) The five influence functions of water deficit in five growth stages in chinensis reflect the growth of chinensis water water consumption objectively. Water requirements of each stage of growth showed:Jointing> tillering> heading> greenup> maturity.3. Rainfall is an important supply items to the hydrology and water resources system. to be an important indxt about regional water resources.and also a basic source of water supply for soil root zone.the text couples to the Mente-carlo method and the Nearest Neighbor Bootstrap Regressive model through the rainfall data of by 56 years. considering the randomness and statistical regularity and statistical similarity of rainfall.Mode is proved rationality and applicability by texting.4. This thesis based on the solution characteristics of dynamic programming to establish the corresponding optimization model for irrigation system.and gaves two intelligence optimum algorithms to got the Solution of the model.There are simulated annealing algorithm (SA) and chaos optimization algorithm (CA). SA. which accepts the optimal value by probability. increases agility of its searching process and avoid local optimized solution. CA. which searches optimal solution in the solution space by using chaos variables based on chaotic motion rule, can avoid local optimized solution with high searching efficiency.5. Based on the established optimization model and its solution methods. this thesis developed software about the optimal design of irrigation schedule. and used this software to strike the optimal irrigation schedule according to the data of the experimentation in the grassland station of Sanjiazi pasture of Baicheng area in Jilin Province in 2010. optimization of irrigation schedule shows that Jointing stage, tillering and heading stage is the critical period of water demand, water allocation can be occupied by more than 70%of the total water. to obtain higher yield under irrigation quota. irrigation allocation should first ensure that the three stages of water demand.更多还原