【作者】 曹齐卫；

【导师】 艾希珍； 孙小镭；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 农业推广， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 以济阳商河不同种植年限的日光温室为研究对象,通过调查各温室的肥料投入、蔬菜类型、产量、棚内外表层土壤的养分等情况,探讨了肥料的投入特征、利用状况,比较了棚内外土壤及不同蔬菜作物的养分差异和频数分布状况,分析了日光温室种植年限和土壤养分的累积特征,并对不同蔬菜温室土壤养分和种植年限进行了曲线拟合,研究了土壤养分的动态变化和引起土壤盐渍化和酸化的原因。结果表明:1、日光温室氮、磷、钾养分的平均投入量分别为2683.6kg·hm-2、1964.9kg·hm-2、2375.1kg·hm-2,投入比例为1:0.73:0.89,其中随化肥投入的氮、磷、钾养分分别占总养分的45.6%、75.4%、60.8%。从不同蔬菜种类来看,氮、磷、钾的养分投入量表现为黄瓜>番茄>甜椒,都存在磷素投入比例过高,钾素投入比例相对较低的问题。日光温室氮磷钾养分均表现为大量的盈余。氮、磷、钾的表观利用率为18.6%、7.3%、31.4%。不同蔬菜作物肥料利用率也有差别,黄瓜、番茄、甜椒的氮、磷、钾的利用率分别为14.4%、9.9%、27.4%;17.7%、5.1%、32.1%;29.6%、7.2%、41.3%。2、与棚外土壤相比,日光温室土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质、电导率的含量显著高于棚外土壤,增幅为135.3%、475.2%、290.1%、97.7%、188.7%,pH则表现降低,较棚外土壤降低了0.31个单位。各养分的频数分布曲线呈正态分布。不同蔬菜温室土壤养分含量各有差别,其中碱解氮和电导率表现为番茄>甜椒>黄瓜,有机质和pH表现为黄瓜>甜椒>番茄,速效磷为黄瓜>番茄>甜椒,速效钾为番茄>黄瓜>甜椒,各养分的频数分布曲线符合正态分布。日光温室土壤有酸化的趋势,但是不明显。土壤盐渍化程度加重,主要由碱解氮和速效钾的累积引起。pH的降低与碱解氮的累积关系密切。3、日光温室土壤各养分和种植年限的累积规律表现基本一致,在1-2年为养分的快速累积期,3-4年限段累积速率变缓慢,以后处于一个稳定的数值进行小幅度的浮动,从整体上表现为土壤系统的动态平衡。除pH的累积为负向外,其他的均为正向累积。不同蔬菜温室土壤养分与种植年限间有极显著的相关性,且可用2次或3次曲线进行拟合。4、基肥施入后,土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、电导率迅速上升,有机质缓慢上升,pH缓慢下降,蔬菜定植后处于养分高度富集的土壤中。次年基肥施用前各养分的水平较上一年基肥施用后出现大幅度的回落,除速效磷、pH较上一年基肥施用前的结果降低外,碱解氮、速效钾、电导率、有机质较前一年均有所增加,增幅在20%以内(甜椒的电导率增幅较大为42.3%)。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this study different years of cultivating greenhouses were used to investigate the fertilizer input, different vegetables and their output and soil nutrition of inside and outside of each greenhouse surface soil, to discuss the fertilizer utilization and the soil nutrition difference between inside and outside of each greenhouse and different greenhouses with different vegetables, to analysis the relationship between the cultivating year and soil nutrition accumulation characteristics and curing fitting the soil nutrition with different vegetables and their cultivating year, to study the dynamic changes of soil nutrients and the reason of soil acidity, the results are described as below:1.The average inputs of N, P2O5 and K2O were respectively 2683.6 kg·hm-2,1964.9 kg·hm-2,2375.1kg·hm-2(with a ratio of 1:0.73:0.89),among which N, P2O5 and K2O provided by chemical fertilizers took up 45.6%,75.4%,60.8% of the total nutrients. In terms of the vegetable varieties, the inputs of N, P2O5 and K2O in different greenhouses were in the order of cucumbers>tomatoes>sweet peppers. A common problem was that there was a higher proportion of phosphorus input while a relatively lower input of potassium. It was also discovered that there was a big surplus of nutrients of Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the greenhouse system. The theoretical application of them was 18.6%,7.3%,31.4%. Differences existed in the application of fertilizers to different vegetables, with 14.4% of nitrogen 9.9% of phosphorus and 27.4% of potassium in the cucumber greenhouse, 17.7%,5.1%,32.1% in the tomato greenhouse and 29.6%,7.2%,41.3% in the sweet pepper greenhouse .2.In comparison, the contents of hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, organic matters and electrical conductivity in greenhouse soil were much higher than those in the open field soil. To be exact, they were increased respectively by 135.3%,475.2%,290.1%,97.7%,188.7%, on the other hand, the PH value decreased by 0.31. The frequency curve of various nutrients was observed in a normal distribution. Differences were observed in the amount of nutrients in greenhouses for different vegetables. The amount of hydrolyzable nitrogen and electronical conductivity lay in the order of tomato > cucumber >sweet pepper, cucumber>sweet pepper>tomato. as for organic matters and pH value, cucumber>tomato>sweet pepper for available phosphorus and tomato>cucumber>sweet pepper for available potassium, whose frequencies were all in a normal distribution. The results also revealed a mild tendency of acidification in greenhouse soil and an increasing gravity of soil salinization, primarily caused by the accumulation of hydrolysable nitrogen and available potassium. The decrease of PH value was closely related to the accumulation of hydrolysable nitrogen..3.The soil nutrients in greenhouses displayed an accordance with accumulation characteristics of cultivating years. They tend to accumulate rapidly in the first two years and slow down in the third and fourth year. Later they fell into a stable scale with slight fluctuations, but demonstrated a dynamic balance in the greenhouse soil system on the whole. All the contents were in positive accumulation except the pH value. There was significant relevance between soil nutrients in greenhouses of different vegetables and cultivating years, which could be fitted by conic curve or cubic curve.4.After the basal manure was applied, there showed a sharp increase in hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and electrical conductivity, a moderate rise in organic matters and a slow decrease in the pH value. Planted in the greenhouses, vegetables fell into a highly- fertilized environment. Compared with the nutrient levels after the application of basal manure in the previous year, a dramatic fall down was observed in various nutrients before the use of basal manure in the following year. Apart from an average declining tendency in available phosphorus, hydrolysable nitrogen, available potassium, electrical conductivity and organic matters all went up by less than 20% with an exception of 42.3% increase in the electronical conductivity in sweet pepper greenhouse. Meanwhile a modest declining tendency was shown in the PH compared with the value before the vegetables were planted last year.更多还原