唐代社会医疗若干问题研究

【作者】 季明稳；

【导师】 贾志刚；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 中国古代史， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 在人类文明的历史上,医疗关系着社会中诸多方面,社会与医疗的关系日益密切。中国古代历史上的唐代,日益进步的医疗水平也是社会繁盛的一个重要因素。社会医疗关系着社会中每个阶层、个体的直接利益,因此社会医疗中的许多问题也必然能反映社会中的各种现象。研究唐代社会医疗史,更多的要体现医疗与社会的关系,医疗与个人、医疗与国家、医疗与医患群体之间的关系。医疗发展的水平,药材在医疗中的作用,医者的医疗收入与百姓的医疗消费等等问题,都是研究唐代社会历史的重要切入点。唐代社会医疗是一个复杂的研究范畴,而一些特殊的问题更值得我们关注。本文从皇帝与国家医疗资源的角度入手,首先在第一章《唐代皇帝赐医药与医疗资源共享》对唐代皇帝赏赐医药进行分析。在古代社会医疗资源有限的前提下,皇帝作为国家统治者则更多的掌握着优秀的医疗资源,并将其作为一种赏赐手段,在治病救人的同时,达到维护统治的目的。然而当国家高水平的医疗资源作为一种赏赐,同时也就意味着更多的普通百姓无法享受到国家医疗资源,因此在唐代社会中,也普遍存在着一些互相赠药的现象,这一现象既是医疗发展的表现,也反映出医疗在唐代社会中的重要作用。第二章《唐代的药园与民间卖药人诸问题研究》主要探讨唐代的药园制度以及民间卖药人问题。唐代药园主要分为官药园与私人药园。官药园是由政府负责管理,以满足中央医疗单位药材需要的药材种植机构；私人药园则是社会中普遍存在的以满足个人药材需要,或者说是娱乐养生需要的药园,当然也存在以经营为目的的药园。除药园外,民间闾巷中许多卖药人角色也是应当关注的问题,民间卖药人的大量出现,其所具备的医疗能力,既丰富了唐代药材贸易的内容,也为唐代民间医疗提供了一定保障,是唐代民间医疗体系的重要组成部分。第三章《唐代医人收入若干问题》则围绕唐代医人收入问题进行讨论。唐代医人地位如何,一个重要的因素即是医人收入,收入在很大程度上决定着社会中某一阶层的地位。唐代医人主要分为医官与民间医者两种类型。医官作为唐代职官体系中的一部分,并没有因为其伎术官的身份而俸禄低微,而是根据品级享有其他职事官的禄米、职田、俸料钱等待遇。此外,对于一些特殊的医官,如翰林医官、地方医官、流外医官,结合现有史料,也进行了分析。相对于医官的收入,民间普通医人则由于医疗水平、医治对象以及地域差异等原因,造成医疗收入各不相同。第四章《唐代医疗费用与社会医疗的局限性》以唐代医人收入为切入点,反观唐代医疗消费问题,医疗费用的高低决定着医疗在社会中所发挥的作用。唐代的医疗费用,笔者从普通医疗费用和特殊医疗事件费用入手,认为在医疗资源缺乏,医者贪财图利等条件的制约下,唐代医疗费用是相对较高的。而在较高水平下的医疗费用,也制约着唐代医疗事业的发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the history of human civilization,social development is inseparable from the progress of medical service,which relates to many aspects of the society. In Tang Dynasty, under the society thriving historical characteristics, the increasing level of medical progress is also an important factor in its busy.Social medical service not only relates to every sector of the society but also the individual’s direct interest, so the social medical service’s certain problems also inevitably reflect the various phenomena in society.the research about the social and medical history of the Tang Dynasty, more embodies the relationship between medical and social, medical and personal, health and national, health care and the relationship between patient groups.The level of medical development, the role of herbs in medical treatment, medical limitations, the doctor, income and the common people’s medical expense, are important entry point for the history of Tang Dynasty.Tang Dynasty’s social medical service is a complex research category, some special problems more worthy of our attention.From the angle of the emperor and the national medical service resource,the first chapter of this article will discuss the medicine reward from the emperor.Limited medical resources in the ancient society under the premise, the Emperor as the country’s rulers are more excellent grasp of the country’s medical resources, and means it as a reward in saving lives,of the same time, achieving the purpose of maintaining rule.However, when the national high level’s medical resources take one kind to grant, It also means that more common people are unable to enjoy to the national medical service resources. Therefore, in Tang Dynasty, there are some phenomena of donating medicine to each other.This phenomenon not only reflect the development of the medical treatment in Tang Dynasty but also the important role the medical service play in the society.The second chapter "Tang Dynasty’s Herb Garden And Folk Medicine seller", mainly discusses something about the Tang Dynasty’s herb garden system and the folk medicine seller. Tang Dynasty’s herb garden mainly divides into the official herb garden and the personal herb garden. The official herb garden is responsible by the government to manage, and meet the needs of central medical unit.Private herb gardens are prevalent in society to meet the needs of individual medicinal service, of course,personal entertainment and health as well. In addition to the herb Garden, there are many people who sell drugsneed to be concerned. Large numbers of people who sell drugs, have the medical capacity, which not only enriche the content of the Tang Dynasty medicine trade, but also for provide the safeguard for the private health care.The third chapter "Tang Dynasty Doctors Receives" revolves the Tang Dynasty doctor’s income question to carry on the discussion.Income is an important factor to determine the status of the doctor in Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty doctor’s income mainly divides into physician and the folk medicine.Official medical officer system as part of the Tang Dynasty, not because of its skill technique officer salary is low, but according to the grade to enjoy Paul meters, level fields, pension money and other material benefits.Due to the medical level of health, healthing object and regional differences,the income of ordinary doctors are various.In the fourth chapter "Tang Dynasty Medical expense And Social Medical service Limitation", I’ll fare the Tang Dynasty doctor’s income as a breakthrough point, reviews Tang Dynasty’s medical expense question, the medical expense height can decide that medical service function which displays in the society. Obtaining from the ordinary medical expense and the special medical event expense, I think that under some condition restriction,such as lacks in the medical resources, and the greed of some doctors, Tang Dynasty’s medical expense is relatively high,which restrict the development of the Tang Dynasty medical service.更多还原