【作者】 柴利杰；

【导师】 王旭升；

【作者基本信息】 中国地质大学（北京） ， 地下水科学与工程， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 水患和表面分化已经成为威胁我国石质文物的重要问题。云冈石窟位于大同市以西武州山南崖,开凿于砂岩中,石窟内的石雕面临着持续加重的风化损害。各种来源的水是引起石窟雕刻风化最直接也是最根本的因素之一,解决石窟雕刻继续风化的根本出路是准确探测石窟内部的水分进入通道。本文通过调查分析找出各种水分来源的控制因素,为石窟水患治理提供科学依据。云冈石窟水分来源主要有窟顶或窟壁直接渗水,窟壁泥岩上层滞水入渗,空气中的凝结水等。影响窟顶渗水的主要因素是降雨量、粉土层厚度,窟顶裂隙发育情况等。粉土层的渗透性远远低于砂卵石,且粉土的滞水能力更强。通过雨后对粉土入渗情况的调查表明,降水不是在任何部位都可以入渗至基岩顶部,只有在粉土较薄的区域才能入渗到基岩顶部。入渗到基岩顶部的水能否进入洞窟与基岩顶部裂隙的发育情况息息相关。砂岩顶面年平均入渗量极少,降水多以径流和蒸发蒸腾方式排泄。上层滞水的量与泥岩的大小和分布范围有关。也与降水入渗系数有关,随着降水入渗系数的增大而增大。南北剖面图显示泥岩与洞窟有接触,极易形成上层滞水并从洞窟内排泄。控制凝结水生成的主要因素有气温,地温,空气湿度,风速等,云冈石窟窟内风速全年较低,故影响凝凝结水生成的主要因素为气温与地温之间的温差和空气湿度。夏季气温与地温温差较大,湿度也较高,易产生凝结水,冬季温差小,湿度低,不易产生凝结水。洞窟外壁气温与地温之间温差较小,一般不会产生凝结水。岩壁上的凝结水量与岩壁的风化程度密切相关,风化程度高的岩壁,由于风化作用使砂岩中孔隙增大,增多,使得风化岩壁比新鲜岩壁凝结面更大,加之岩壁内部温度比表面温度低,故风化岩壁比新鲜岩壁能凝结更多的凝结水。更多还原

【Abstract】 Flooding and the threat of differentiation has become an important issue of stone artifacts. Yungang Grottoes Stated at south cliff of wuzhou mountain,west of Datong . The Grottoes was dugged in sandstone. The weathering damage of stone caving in face of continued increase. The most directed and fundamental fator of stone weathering is the water from everywhere. The way of solution the caving weathering is detected out the channel of water came into caves. By investigating. we find out the controlling factors of water sources, which provide a scientific basis for caves protection.The water sources of Yungang Grottoes mainly contain direct seepage from cave top or wall, perched water from mudstone of cave wall, condensation of air.The main factors affected rainfall seepage to grottoes are thickness of silt, fractured and so on. Permeability of silt is far below to the sand and gravel. in addition, the water storage capacity of silt is more high. The survey of silt infiltration illustrate that don’t every part of rainfall can infiltration to the top of bedrock, only the thin area of silt can. Weather the water enter to the caves related to the development of cracks. The average infiltration of sandstone was minimal, the excretion of precipitation are runoff and evapotranspiration.The quantity of perched water is related the size and distribution of mudstone, and also related with the infiltration of precipitation. North-South profile shows that mudstone in contact with the cave is easy to form perched water and discharge to the cave.The main factors of control condensation generated are air temperature, ground temperature, air humidity, wind speed, and so on. The wind speed of Yun Gang grottoes is low throughout the year, so the main factor of condensation generate is the difference between air temperature and ground temperature, air humidity. In summer, the difference between air temperature and ground temperature is small, the humidity of air is high, so easy to generate condensation. The quantity of water condensation on the cliffs and rock is closely related to the degree of weathering, a high weathering rock, owing to the porosity of weathering sandstone are more, so than the condense surfaces is more big than the fresh rock .combined with that rock internal temperature is low than surface temperature, so the weathered rock condensate more condensation than the fresh rock .更多还原