【作者】 李永超；

【导师】 王玉梅；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 民商法学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 分包是伴随着社会化大生产的发展而出现的一种先进生产组织方式,它的经济理论基础是“比较优势理论”。分包最早出现在工业制造领域,此后逐渐发展到了建设工程施工领域。本文介绍了分包的概念、法律属性、特征、分类,对我国建设工程施工分包法律制度和分包合同履行中易产生争议的问题进行了法律分析。通过与国际上及我国香港地区先进的分包法律制度相对标找出了我国的差距和缺陷,并结合实践中出现的问题提出了完善我国建设工程施工分包法律制度的若干建议。分包是建设工程的总承包方依法将建设工程的非主体部分或者劳务作业部分交由其他单位承包的行为。从动态角度理解,分包是一种行为,从静态角度理解,分包是一种契约关系,其法律属性是并存的债务移转。按照合同标的的不同可分为工程分包和劳务分包、纯劳务型分包和自带机具型劳务分包等,各种类型的分包的区别关键是合同标的的不同。分包与转包最大的区别是转包是全部债权债务的概括移转,而分包是部分债务的移转。母公司与子公司之间基于其内部之间经营生产管理战略组织分工而进行的“分包”,表面上虽然符合分包的特征,但定性为内部组织管理关系比较适宜,不宜定性为分包性质的法律关系。铁路工程中的架子队作业模式实质上是一种劳务用方式,不属于分包。由于建设工程关系到社会公共利益,法律对分包的规制较多,国际惯例主要限定三个条件,一是分包须经业主同意或认可,二是不得转包;三是分包方不得再分包。我国目前法律对分包的限制更严格,比如主体工程不能分包,分包后不得再分包,分包须经业主同意,分包各方对业主承担履约连带责任等。分包合同实施周期长,遇到不可预见的因素较多,应通过情事变更原则来调整合同履行环境变化导致的不公平,建设工程施工分包主要涉及建筑材料的价格异动,目前一般认可的观点是正负10%以上幅度的价格波动应视为情事变更。缺陷责任期和保修期既有区别又有联系,缺陷责任期与退还质保金直接关联。分包合同中索赔期限的性质是特殊的除斥期间,在索赔期限内没有提出索赔即丧失索赔的人权利。分包合同无效后一般情况下应参照原合同结算工程款,分包合同无效,但是双方签订的结算协议原则上应为有效。由于建设工程的专业性较强,工程造价的司法鉴定在所难免,目前工程造价司法鉴定在鉴定程序、依据、标准、鉴定机构的职责等方面存在诸多问题,亟需加以规范。对于附条件支付条款应加以限定,不能无限制的适用。中国建设工程施工分包制度起步较晚,著名的“鲁布革冲击波”导致建设工程管理方式的彻底改变,随之而来的是工程总承包制度的发展,中国分包法律制度是伴随着施工总承包制度的发展而发展起来,但我国的分包法律制度整体上来说还不健全,法律对分包的限制过严,缺乏位介较高的、统一、系统的分包法律规范,分包管理主体条块分割,分包纠纷解决制度单一,实际施工人制度突破了合同相对性原则,是特殊背景下的产物。本文最后建议应借鉴国际先进经验不断完善我国分包法律制度,与国际接轨,适应中国建筑施工企业“走出去”的需要。如应制定一部统一的分包法律规范,增强立法的针对性、实用性,降低对分包的限制,完善分包结算制度,改革分包管理制度,同时推广争议评审机制,通过该机制解决施工合同纠纷,形成多元化解决分包纠纷的制度。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an advanced way of organizing production,sub-contract has been arising with the development of socialized large scale production.Its theoretical foundation is based on the theory of comparative advantage which means every market entity has itsown competitive advantage.All of the market entities make use of these advantage to lower the cost through cooperation division. Based on historical analysis and comparative analysis,this article has introduced its concept、legal essence as well as types.And also,the writer has analysised and researched some legal issues which are often met with about sub-contract in practice.Compared with developed countries and Hongkong Cina,many suggestions to get sub-contract legal system of China become more perfect have been offered in the text. The legal concept of sub-contract may be described as an act that general contractor tansfers partial performance of obligations into the sub-contractor. The legal essence is a kind of debt transfer which means a contract relationship emergs between general contractor and sub-contractor.In the other word, its static concept is a legal contract relationship.According to the defference of contract object,sub-contract may be classified as labor sub-contract、construction su-bcontract and so on. According to international practice,sub-contract should be allowed by the proprietor and multi-level contracting is prohibited. Sub-contract is restricted much more seversly in China.For instance, dominating obligations under the engineering contract can not be transfered. We should establish and perfect the circumstances change system. Claim period under construction engineering contract belongs to special period that rights exist. We should refer to the contract to finish engineering settlement if it is identified as invalid. Judicial expertise aiming to get the project cost objectively is inevitable. Chinese sub-contract legal system is not perfect yet,and there are kinds of problems.So we should establish comprehensive system so as to improve the development of sub-contract market,and also,we must promot dispute resolution sestem which is widely used to solve construction engeneering contract disputes.At last,we should strengthen supervision and administration on the construction engineering sub-contract system as well.更多还原