【作者】 张海峰；

【导师】 曲金良；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 历史地理学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 明代,中国的商品经济得到了很大的发展,商业呈现一片繁盛的景象。作为商业活动主角的商人,也就成为当今经济史研究的重点。根据范金民先生的研究,最迟在明末,山东商帮已经形成。到了清代,山东商人的商业活动区域得到了很大的扩展。东部沿海地区、大江南北、白山黑水甚至内陆的山西、陕西及四川地区都留下了山东人的商业足迹,而北方却是山东商人商贸活动的重心。北方商贸区包括了京津商贸区、东北商贸区和鲁豫商贸区,在每个商贸区内,又可分为小的商贸区,如京津商贸区包括了北京商贸区、天津商贸区、西安商贸区等,东北商贸区包括了盛京商贸区、吉林商贸区和黑龙江商贸区,鲁豫商贸区包括了山东商贸区和河南商贸区。京津商贸区是山东商人北方商贸活动扩展的重要的区域,自顺治年间开始,山东招远商人便开始了在北京的商业活动。此后,黄县、莱阳、文登、海丰、昌邑、掖县、栖霞等地的商人也开始了在京城的商业活动。在京山东商人主要经营饭庄、饭馆、洋货铺、绸缎铺、粮食店、布铺等与人的生活紧密相关的行业,其人数和经济实力使得山东人可以与当时第一大商帮晋商相分庭抗礼。,在天津,山东商人主要经营绸布、饭馆、茶叶、皮货、船行等行业,其构成主体是济宁商人,19世纪后期,登州、莱州、青州商人也开始了在天津的商业经营,但其主要还是经营饭馆、粮业、客栈等。‘京津商贸区除北京、天津外,山西、陕西也是山东商人商业经营的地点。不论是在文学作品中,抑或是地方志书中,均有对山东商人在陕西、山西等地经商的记载。但从人数和实力上,都无法和北京、天津相比。山东商人在商贸活动扩展中,为了便于同乡互助,而大多在当地建立会馆。会馆数量最多之处,当为山东商人在北京建立的会馆,其数量多达十几个,其次是在天津,建有济宁会馆、山东旅津同乡会(山东会馆)、山东旅津同乡会等。在西安建有山东会馆。东北商贸区是山东商人北方商贸活动扩展的第二个重要区域,东北地区包括了辽宁吉林和黑龙江等三省。明时,山东商人便开始了在东北的商业经营。1618年努尔哈赤攻打抚顺城时,当时抚顺城内就有山东、山西、河东、苏州、杭州、易州等处商贾十六人。康熙年间,玄烨巡行边外,就见到关外有大量的山东人,有经商者,有开荒者,有佣耕者,其数多达十万之多。山东商人在东北的商贸区域的扩展,是与东三省区域开发相一致的。山东商人在东北经商,最早是在辽宁省,后逐渐扩展到吉林和黑龙江,甚至跨过黑龙江到达西伯利亚地区进行商业活动。这种商业活动呈现出由南至北、渐进而行的态势。从所经营的行业来看,山东商人主要经营的是油坊、烧锅、粮栈、杂货等行业,这些行业均是当时城市经济生活的重要支柱。山东商人在东北的商业活动,是伴随着移民而产生、发展和兴盛起来的。在东北经商的山东商人,可分为两种类型：一种是山东本地商人,经陆路或海路到到东北；一种是移民到东北,垦荒、佣工、佣耕,逐渐获得资金,然后从事商业活动。在这两种类型之中,后者要占多数。纵观在东北经商的山东商人,以登、莱、青三府居多,占主导。作为鲁豫商贸区构成部分的河南,由于地近山东,也成为了山东商人北方商贸活动扩展的第三个重要区域。山东商人在河南的商业经营,主要集中在开封、洛阳、郑州等几个城市。但是山东商人在商业活动中,不单单局限于某个商贸区域内,而是会随着商贸活动中商品的变化而贸易于各个区域之间。通过对山东商人北方商贸活动的研究,可以得出以下的两个结论：第一,山东商人的产生是人地关系协调发展的区域现象。历时人文地理学中的人地关系论是认识山东商人商贸活动扩展的理论基础。山东商人商贸活动的扩展,首先是自然环境的因素,自然环境包括了山东商人产生的地理条件、区域位置、自然资源的差异。其次是人文因素,包括了山东商人产生的历史背景、文化土壤等。在特定的区域中,自然环境给人类生产活动所提供的条件成为该区域经济发展的可能性,同时,该区域人文因素及人类活动适应环境、改造自然的能力也成为该区域经济发展的另一种可能性。山东商人商贸活动的扩展同时也体现了人地和谐统一的关系。第二,地理区域因素在山东商人商贸活动扩展中发挥了重要作用。地理区域作用的发挥主要是通过区域的比较优势来实现的。这些优势主要是资源优势和区位优势,山东商人在京津地区的商贸扩展靠的主要还是区位优势,而在东北商贸区的扩展利用的则是资源优势。地理区域虽不是山东商人商贸区域扩展的决定因素,但却是应重视的因素。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Ming dynasty, China’s economy has been significantly developed, commercial rendering a thriving scene. Leading role as a commercial activity of merchants, became the focus of today’s economic history research. According to Mr. Fan jinmin research, the latest in the late Ming dynasty, Shandong merchants’Group has been formed.The Qing dynasty, Shandong merchants’ commercial activity area is a great extension. The eastern coastal regions, North and South, white on black or even inland of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Sichuan region has left a Shantung commercial footprint, while the North is the core of the Shandong merchants trading activities.North business district includes Beijing-Tianjin district, northeast of the district and Shandong business district. In each business area, it can be divided into small business areas, such as the Beijing-Tianjin business area including downtown Beijing, Tianjin and commerce, Xi’an and commerce, North business district includes Shenyang business area, Jilin and Heilongjiang downtown business district, in Shandong and business areas including the Shandong business area and Henan business area.Beijing-Tianjin-business district is the core of the Shandong merchants trading activities extended areas, since the Sun zhi reign, Zhaoyuan businessmen starts in Beijing’s business activities. Since then, Huangxian, Laiyang, Wen Deng, Haifeng, Changyi, ye xian, Qixia and other places of merchants also began in the capital’s commercial activities. The main business of the Shandong merchants in the restaurant, foreign goods shop, silk shops, food stores, cloth, and human life closely related industry, its size and economic strength allows the Shandong people can antagonize Shanxi merchants. In Tianjin, the main business of Shandong silk merchants, restaurants, tea, leather goods, shipping lines, etc., but the main body of Shandong merchants is Ji Ning businessman. In 19th century, Deng Zhou, Lai Zhou, Green Island businessmen began commercial operation in Tianjin, but its main operation is restaurants, food industry, inns and other. Tianjin, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, is also the place for businessmen. Whether in literary works, or the Annals has on the Shandong merchants in Shaanxi, Shanxi, and other places of business records. In order to facilitate mutual legal assistance, Shandong merchants build most of the club in the local area.North business district is Shandong merchants trading activities extended to the second important area, including the northeastern Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang province, etc. Ming, Shandong merchants begins in the northeast of commercial operations. Shandong merchants in the northeast region of the expansion of trade, is consistent with the Northeast regional development. Shandong merchants doing business in the Northeast, the first in Liaoning Province, then gradually expanded to Jilin and Heilongjiang, and even reached Russia, Siberia. This commercial activity rendered out from South to North, the situation of gradual but line. Trades from the point of view, the main business of Shandong merchants is oil mill, pot roast, grain stack and grocery industries, these industries are at an important pillar of the city’s economic life. Shandong merchants in the northeast of commercial activity, is accompanied by emigration, development and prosperity. Shandong merchants doing business in the Northeast can be divided into two types:One is, Shandong local businessman, by land or sea to the northeast; a migration to the northeast, reclamation, domestic helpers, helpers farming, gradually money, and then engaged in business activities.As Shandong and business areas form part of Henan, due to Shandong, also became the third important area of the Shandong merchants trading activities extension. Shandong merchants in the business of Henan, mainly concentrated in Kaifeng, Luoyang, Zhengzhou, etc in several cities. But the Shandong merchants in business, not confined to a single business area, but as the business activities of changes in the merchandise trade between the various regions.Through Shandong merchants trading activities of the North,it can draw two conclusions of the following:First, the emergence of Shandong merchants is the relationship between human and harmonious development of the region. Expansion of commercial activities in Shandong merchants, the first is the natural environment, the natural environment including the Shandong undue geographical conditions, regional location, natural resources. Second, human factors, including the historical background of Shandong merchants, culture and soil. In the specific area, the natural environment to human production activities by offering a wide range of conditions to become the possibility of regional economic development, while at the same time, the area of human factors and human activities to adapt to the environment, the ability to change nature has become the regional economic development’s another possibilities.Second, the geographical zone factors in Shandong merchants trading activities plays an important role. Geographical region plays a major role of comparative advantage. These advantages are mainly resources and location advantages, Shandong,-Beijing and Tianjin regions in the commercial business expansion by the major or regional advantages, while the expansion of commercial areas in the northeast is the use of resources. The geographical zone is not the determine factors of Shandoong merchants’commercial expansion, but is should be focude on.更多还原