【作者】 张正东；

【导师】 戴国斌；

【作者基本信息】 上海体育学院 ， 民族传统体育学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 当代中国摔跤的复兴之路如何以史为鉴,中国摔跤的发展历史为当代体育事业创造了那些经验?为此,本研究以中国摔跤的“文化融合”为线索,通过分析中国摔跤在祭祀、娱乐、军事中的演变过程,寻觅其历史原貌,展现其文化风采。研究过程中首先通过查阅文献史料、亲身体验来获取材料,然后运用现代流行的文化研究(Cultural Studies)方法,试图从中国摔跤文化的历史研究中,寻找中国摔跤文化当代发展的新路径。本研究以中国摔跤历史的发展、竞技化发展两条路径对中国摔跤的已有研究做了综述。第一,从劳动起源说、军事起源说、蚩尤创造说,考证了中国摔跤的源头；从名称和功能的演变梳理了中国摔跤技术、理念变更的历史过程。第二,总结了在西方体育影响下中国摔跤竞技理念、竞技技术、竞技规则的发展。这两种研究的丰硕果实为进一步研究指明了方向。例如,表演和娱乐机制也是中国摔跤发展的重要动力之一。对中国摔跤文化的研究,从祭祀的中国摔跤、娱乐的中国摔跤、军事的中国摔跤三个层面展开。通过对技术和理念的融合演变过程,以及其中的文化意义之分析得出以下结论：1.本研究考察了中国摔跤祭祀的用途。中国摔跤作为仪式的一部分,是与祖先或神明沟通的“桥梁”。通过“头戴牛角,两两相抵”来纪念祖先勇武精神,通过效仿鹰击长空的动作沟通神明,祈福消灾。娱神的过程中人类的心灵得到安慰、释放,身体得到锻炼,赢得健康。娱神的中国摔跤最终又有了娱人方向的转化。通过江湖艺人这一团体的生产,中国摔跤融合了奇戏、杂技、舞蹈、音乐的内容,脱离“娱神”的部分有了独立的发展,成为娱乐身心,即“娱人”的独立活动。2.本研究分析了娱乐的中国摔跤之形成,以及文化的差异性生产。帝王和民众从需求、文化地位等各层面都有着严格的分野。两个阶层各自运用权势和所掌握技术及财富,生产出中国摔跤娱乐的多样性。帝王的猎奇心理将中国摔跤引入宫廷。宫廷中极度丰富的表演项目,剧情观赏的需要使“宫廷跤”摔的富丽堂皇。成为帝王展现国力的强盛,彰显天下的太平的符码。如唐代“角抵戏”的之舞蹈化；宋代“乔相扑”情节之曲折、激动人心。大众的娱乐与生存相关,且老少皆宜。将真假功夫结合,连环喂招之下出奇制胜的固定套路表演塑造了“腥加尖,赛神仙”的传奇。再融江湖艺人“杵门子(要钱)”的技术形成“摔活跤”。各种生存技能的融合极大的丰富了中国摔跤的街头娱乐功能,使之成为重要的文化复合体。3.本研究从作战和军旅生活分析了中国摔跤在军队中发生的技术,文化的融合演变。上古时期作为战争主要手段的中国摔跤,在兵器发展之后,逐渐的向将士身体练习的方向转变。但同时也还作为搏杀的后备手段,作为功力高低的表征后盾备于军事。在日常生活中它是将士私下交流和娱乐的游戏。国家“长治久安”远虑的需要又将中国摔跤推向大型庆典,供帝王检阅军队训练效果,向国外展现本国实力之强盛。因其重要的军事作用,成为人才选拔的依据。文化融合贯穿中国摔跤历史发展的每一阶段,它先后与宗教、娱乐、军事技术和理念的互融形成中国摔跤文化复合体。文化融合之历史经验又提醒我们,需在当代生产通古融西的文化复合体。这要求我们在坚持文化融合精神的前提下做到：保持海纳百川的开放心态,激发中国摔跤的生机与活力；发挥中华民族各民族摔跤文化,推动中国摔跤的当下发展；借鉴亚洲各国甚至世界摔跤文化精华,促进中国摔跤的当代发展；借助国际舞台,发现与提炼中国摔跤的文化个性,展示中国摔跤的文化魅力；兼顾中国摔跤消费对象的不同需要,以娱乐性为主线,在服务当下大众文化生活、推进体育表演业中寻求新的发展路径。更多还原

【Abstract】 How China Contemporary Wrestling’s Renaissance Road use the History as a mirror, what’s experience China Wrestling’s Phylogeny create for The Contemporary Physical Education? Therefore, the study will take China Wrestling’s Cultural Amalgamation as the Thread.Looking for its historical origin to show its cultural elegant demeanor by analyzing China Wrestling’s evolvement course on Sacrifice, Entertainment and Military.First refer to literature and historical data, obtain the materials by my own experience during the course of studying, then apply modern popular technique of Cultural Studies, try to look for new developing approach for China Wrestling’s Culture from its historical studies.The Studies summarize China Wrestling’s existing studies by the two methods of its historical development and Athletics development.First:observe the origin of China Wrestling from labor’s genetic doctrine, martial genetic doctrine, Chi You creation doctrine; hackle the historical course of its technique and variation conception from denomination and function’s evolvement.Second:summarize China Wrestling’s development in athletics conception, technique and Regulations under the influence of West Physical Education. These two studies’great achievement leads to the direction for further studies. For example, performance &entertainment’s mechanism is also the important momentum of China Wrestling’s development. The studies of China Wrestling’s cultures need to unwrap China Wrestling’s 3 layers in Sacrifice, Entertainment and Military. Drawing the following conclusions thought the evolvement course of its technique and conception and analyzing its cultural significance:1. The study observes the purpose of China Wrestling’s sacrifice. It is one part of ceremony, and it is a bridge between the Ancestor and the Gods. Memorialize our ancestor’s courageous spirits by the way of two persons’ wrestling, communicate the Gods by following the lead of the hawk’s action in the sky to bless for no disasters. The human got comfort and replacement in the soul during the course of entertaining the Gods, the body got exercises, got health. China Wrestling in the way of entertaining the Gods turned to the direction of entertaining the human at last. Through the barnstormers’production, it synchronized the odd drama, acrobatics, dancing and music, got absolute development by breaking from entertaining the Gods, and became an entertainment for body and mind, that is to say, an absolute activity for entertaining the human.2. The study analyzed the form of recreational China Wrestling and the production of the cultural differences. The monarch and commonage had strict interfluves on the layer of demand, cultural status. The two stratums exerted ascendance and controlled wealth to Produce China Wrestling’s recreational variety. The monarch’s seeking novelty brought China Wresting into the Palace. The Palace had extreme abundant performances, the Demands of enjoying the guts made the royal wrestling magnificent. It became a symbol Of exhibiting the country’s prosperity showing peace and tranquility. The popular entertainment had a good mutuality with survival, suitable to eldest and younger. Various life craftsmanship enriched China Wrestling’s recreational functions at a great degree, made it become an important cultural complex.3. The study analyses China Wrestling’s technique and cultural amalgamation evolvement happening in the army from campaign and army lives. China Wrestling was used as the major strategy for the war in the ancient times, after developing the weapons, it turned to the direction of officers and soldiers’ taking exercises. But at the same time, it was also used as last measures for struggling, used as functional token backup force for the military. It is a game entertained by soldiers in the daily life. The country’s needs for keep a long peace will promote China Wrestling to be a great Celebration, so as to let The Monarch inspect the army’s training effect, to show the country’s puissant strength to the foreigners. Because of it important martial Functions, will be the proofs for selecting the talents.The Cultural Amalgamation impenetrate each historical phase of China Wrestling’s development, it formed China Wrestling’s. cultural complex by combining with the religion, entertainment, martial technique and conception. The historical experience of The Cultural Amalgamation also remind of us, it needs to produce cultural complex of going through the anciently and to be in harmony with the western civilization during the contemporary era. Under the presupposition of persevering in the spirit of The Cultural AmalgamationThis needs to live up to:keep extra large open condition, inspire China Wrestling’s vitality; bring into play various nation’s Wrestling cultures to promote the development of China Wrestling; consult the cultural elites from Asian countries even all over the world to Promote its development; find and abstract its cultural individuality by international Stage to lay out its cultural loveliness; consider its consumers’different demands, put the recreationalist in the first place to seek its new developing path by serving the Commonage’s cultural lives promoting physical performance.更多还原