【作者】 张杰；

【导师】 文仕知；

【作者基本信息】 中南林业科技大学 ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 本文以森林水文学为理论基础,通过定位研究的方法,从林冠层、灌草层、枯落物层和土壤层四个主要作用层对湖南北部四川桤木人工林、台湾桤木人工林和荒地的水文特征和涵养水源能力进行研究,同时对降水再分配过程中的水质进行测定分析。结果表明：①两种桤木林中穿透雨量、截留量、径流量与降雨量分别呈直线、指数函数、二次函数关系。其中,四川桤木人工林截留量和径流量均较大,截留率和径流率分别为16.51%、5.28%。对于不同降雨量级来说,穿透雨量、透流率和林冠截留量随着降水量的增加而增加,而截留率则随着降雨量的增加呈递减趋势；②林下灌木草本对水分截持能力较低；③林外降水中各养分元素含量排列顺序为：Ca>NH4+-N>K>NO3--N>Mg>Fe>Mn>Cu。K、Fe、Cu在四川桤木林和台湾桤木林的穿透水和树干径流中均呈增大趋势,NH4+-N含量在两种桤木林穿透水和树干径流中呈先减后增趋势；④四川桤木人工林枯落物平均贮量为8.27t/hm2高于台湾桤木林的7.97 t/hm2。枯落物有效持水量变动范围0.13mm～1.70mm,四川桤木人工林有效持水量最大。枯落物持水速度与浸水时间呈指数函数关系；⑤桤木林的蓄水能力明显好于荒地,台湾桤木林土壤有效蓄水量为56.82mm,比荒地高2.1倍。桤木林土壤的渗透性能好于荒地土壤,台湾桤木林和四川桤木林的平均稳渗速率分别为2.25mm·min-1、2.04mm·min-1比荒地大1.18和1.07倍。综合来看,桤木林的存在对水分的涵养和土壤结构的改善有较为显著的作用。同时提高了土壤渗透蓄水能力。在林冠层、灌草层和枯落物层蓄水能力相近的情况下,台湾桤木林土壤蓄水能力更好,因此认为台湾桤木人工林水源涵养功能更强。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on the theory of forestry hydrology, the located research method were adopted. Studied on the hydrological characteristics and water holding function of Alnus cremastogyne artificial forest, Alnus formosana artificial forest and waste land in north of Hunan province from crown canopy, shrub-grass layer, litter layer and soil layer. And water quality of rainfall redistribution were determined.The results are as follows:①In A. cremastogyne types, the relationships of liner, exponential function and puadratic equation were marked among precipitation with throughfall, crowen interception and stemflow. About crowen interception and stemflow, the A.cremastogyne was 16.51% and 5.28%,which were the best.For the different rainfall magnitude, the throughfall,crown interception and canopy interception increased along with the precipitation increased while/,however,the interception rate increased along with the precipitation assumed decreasing progressively tendency.②The water-holding capacity of shrub-grass layer under canopy was inferior.③The order of various chemical element content in the precipitation outside the forest was:Ca>NH4+-N>K>NO3--N>Mg> Fe> Mn> Cu. In throughfall and stemflow of A. cremastogyne artificial forest and A.formosana artificial forest,the element content of K, Fe and Cu assumed the increasing trend.Meanwhile,NH4+-N assumed increasing after decreasing trend.④In A. cremastogyne plantation,the average biomass of litter was 8.27t/hm2,which was higer than in A.s formosana plantation(7.97 t/hm2).The effective store water quantity of litter ranged from 0.13 to 1.70mm.A cremastogyne plantation was the best. There had a relationship of exponential function between soarking time with water-taking rate of litter.⑤The ability of water-holding in A. cremastogyne plantation was obviously better than wasteland. The effective water-holding quantity of soil in A. formosana plantation was 56.82mm, which was 2.1 times more than wasteland. Soil permeability of A. cremastogyne plantation was better than wasteland. The average Soil steady infiltration rate of A. formosana plantation was 2.25mm·min-1, which was 1.18 times more than wasteland. And the average Soil steady infiltration rate of A. formosana plantation was 2.04mm·min-1, which was 1.07 times more than wasteland.As a whole, the water-holding capacity and soil structure could improve markedly for retained plantation.At the same time, A. formosana plantation improves soil penetration storing water ability. Under close situation to the storage capacity of crown canopy, shrub-grass layer and litter layer,Soil water conservation ability of A. formosana plantation was much bettert than others.So that A. formosana plantation has was water conservation function.更多还原