【作者】 胡小伟；

【导师】 刘旭霞；

【作者基本信息】 华中农业大学 ， 经济法学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 在农业生物多样性方面,我国有7000年以上的农业开垦历史,我国农民开发利用及培育繁育了大量栽培植物和家养动物,其丰富程度在全世界是独一无二的。这些栽培植物和家养动物不仅许多起源于我国,而且至今我国还大量的保有它们的野生原型及近缘种。随着生物技术的迅猛发展,农业遗传资源的价值逐步被人们所重视,然而,这种价值的突显所共生的制度需求与制度供给之间产生了严重的失衡。在保护方面,由于农业遗传资源保护制度的缺失,农业遗传资源只能简单的通过生物资源的形式得以保护,不仅使具有重大价值的农业遗传资源在自然的演化过程中自生自灭,而且也低估了生物资源的人为破坏对农业遗传资源所造成的影响；在利用方面,由于农业遗传资源利用制度的缺失,对有“绿色黄金”之称的农业遗传资源在存在极大需求的情形下,一方面导致“生物剽窃”现象横行,造成了农业遗传资源的大量流失,对粮食安全乃至经济安全造成了重大的影响,另一方面由于缺乏农业遗传资源的利用,农业遗传资源的价值没有得以体现,造成了人们把农业遗传资源作为一种生物资源来对待,给国家经济利益带来了重大的损失。农业遗传资源作为我国的战略性和基础性资源,对我国经济的发展具有十分重要的作用,在生态文明背景下进行我国农业遗传资源保护和利用法律问题研究迫在眉睫。本研究以法学为基点,融合生态学、环境资源学、生态伦理学、经济学等学科领域知识,从农业遗传资源基础理论的分析入手,提出了“农业遗传资源权”这一新的权利概念,分析了农业遗传资源权与知识产权、社区财产权、传统资源权之间的关系及农业遗传资源权的主体、客体、内容。通过借鉴和吸收国外在农业遗传资源保护和利用方面的立法实践,着力从农业遗传资源保护和利用两个方面进行我国农业遗传资源保护和利用的法律制度的构建。在农业遗传资源的保护制度方面,秉持“保护生物资源就是保护农业遗传资源的理念”,依据农业遗传资源依附于生物资源这一属性,对我国现有的生物资源相关制度进行整合和重构,以准用制度、产权制度、采集和交易制度、管理制度等制度的构建为主线,强化农业遗传资源保护制度与生物资源制度、农业遗传资源利用制度之间的关系,形成我国农业遗传资源外生环境保障的规范性法律制度体系。在农业遗传资源的利用制度方面,秉持“以利用促保护”的理念,创新性的提出了农业遗传资源权这一产权制度,并在此基础上分析农业遗传资源权的知识产权问题。进而形成了以农业遗传资源权为核心,以农业遗传资源获取与惠益分享制度为主干,以跟踪制度和追溯制度及权利救济制度为辅助的农业遗传资源利用制度体系。在农业遗传资源利用制度的内容上包括了事先知情同意、共同商定条件、惠益种类及类型、知识产权、利益分配制度、合同范本、政府监管、利益分享机制、生物多样性基金、农业遗传资源权的救济制度等方面。农业遗传资源保护制度与农业遗传资源利用制度之间是独立又相互联系的关系。本研究通过对这两种制度的分别构建,保持了二者之间的独立性；在对各自具体制度作具体的规定时,确定了依据不同的情形可以进行二者之间的转化适用,保证了农业遗传资源保护制度与农业遗传资源利用制度之间的衔接,加强了二者之间的联系。通过农业遗传资源保护制度与农业遗传资源利用制度之间的良性互动,从而最终形成了农业遗传资源保护和利用制度的完整体系,为实现我国经济的可持续发展,走上生产、生活、生态的和谐发展之路提供坚实的制度保障。更多还原

【Abstract】 China has 7,000 years of history of agricultural cultivation. Farmers have cultivated and breed a large number of cultivated plants and domesticated animals. So, the agriculture Biological diversity in China is abundance. These cultivated plants and domesticated animals are not only originated in China but also China still retains their wild prototype and a large number of related species. With the rapid development of biotechnology, the value of agricultural genetic resources gradually been paid more attention, but this underscores the value of the symbiotic system between demand and supply system had a serious imbalance. In terms of the conversation of agricultural genetic resources, agricultural genetic resources can only be simple protected as biological resources because lack of conversation system of agricultural genetic resources which not only make some agricultural genetic resources with great value become extinct in the natural evolution, but also underestimate the Influence of the human destruction of biological resources to agricultural genetic resources. In terms of the utilization of agricultural genetic resources, on the background of great demand of agricultural genetic resources which called "green gold", because of lack of appropriate use of mechanisms, leading to "bio-piracy" phenomenon rampant and great loss of agricultural genetic resources and affect our economic security and food security. In addition, the value of agricultural genetic resources have not been reflected because lack of use of agricultural genetic resources which caused a great loss to national economy by regarding agricultural genetic resources as a kind of biological resources.As a strategic and fundamental resource in China, Agricultural genetic resources are very important to our economy. It is significant to research the conservation and utilization of agricultural genetic resource in China under the background of ecological civilization. This study focuses on the development trend of ecological laws to form the legal system of conservation and utilization of agricultural genetic resource in China, conforming ecology, environmental resources, ecological ethics, economics and other disciplines of knowledge. This study analysis the relationship between agricultural genetic resource rights and intellectual property rights, community property rights and traditional resource rights and the subject, object, content of agricultural genetic resource rights by learn and absorb in the legislative practice of agricultural genetic resources conservation and utilization in foreign countries.In the field of the protection system of agricultural genetic resources, we must adhere to the concept of "protect biological resources equal to protect agricultural genetic resources. The focus of the protection system of agricultural genetic resources which is agricultural genetic resources is belongs to biological resources. Under the framework of our existing public management law of biological resources, in order to form normative legal system of outside environmental protection of agricultural genetic resources in China, we try to strengthen interface between the protection systems of agricultural genetic resources and biological resources systems and the utilization systems of agricultural genetic resources by establish property system, collecting and trading system, management system as the main line system.In the field of the utilization system of agricultural genetic resources, we must adhering to the concept of "to use to promote the protection" to raise the property rights system of agricultural genetic resources and analysis intellectual property rights of agricultural genetic resources and formed a system of agricultural genetic resources utilization which regard the construction of agricultural genetic resource rights as focus, regard the access and benefit-sharing system of agricultural genetic resources as principal part, regard the tracking system and trace system and the right relief system as parenthesis. The content of agricultural genetic resources utilization system included the prior informed consent, mutually agreed terms, benefits types, intellectual property rights, benefit distribution system, model contracts, government regulation, benefit-sharing system, biological diversity fund and the relief system of agricultural genetic resources right.There is an independent but interrelated relationship between agricultural genetic resource conservation system and agricultural genetic resource utilization system. This study maintained the independence between agricultural genetic resource conservation system and agricultural genetic resource utilization system through constructed those. And this study ensured and strengthened interface between those through defined specific requirements on their specific system according to different circumstances. In order to develop the production, life and ecology well, we must eventually established a complete system between the agricultural genetic resources conservation and agricultural genetic resource utilization by interfacing well between agricultural genetic resource conservation system and agricultural genetic resource utilization system.更多还原