【摘要】 云南的自然环境极具灾害性。明清以降至清末民初,由于人口急速膨胀、农田过度开垦和山林矿藏的掠夺式开发,云南生态环境迅速恶化,进而加速加剧了各类自然灾害的发生;农业与家庭手工业相结合的自然经济又从根本上限制了社会抗灾减荒能力的生成与提高。封建剥削、战乱兵祸及列强的经济掠夺、迷信赌毒等造成社会环境的全面恶化,各族民众极度贫困,加重了灾后饥荒疾疫的蔓延与流行。中央与地方政府的荒政长久缺失,导致云南赈灾救荒活动严重乏力。总之,清末民初的云南已完全陷入人为破坏生态环境加剧自然灾害频发、逢灾必荒的结果加速了社会环境的恶化、社会环境恶化又加重了饥荒的蔓延这一恶性循环过程。更多还原

【Abstract】 Yunnan is prone to natural disasters due to its environment.From the Ming and Qing dynasties to late imperial China,population explosion,over-farming,predatory exploitation of forests and minerals,and ecological damages aggravated all kinds of natural disasters in Yunnan on one hand,and on the other hand,natural economy of agriculture and household handicrafts weakened the power of society to prevent and reduce disasters.Feudal exploitation,government’s taxes,wars,bandits,economic plunder of imperialists,superstition,gambling and drugs deteriorated social environment,and extreme poverty of ethnic people speeded up the wide spread of famine and epidemic after disasters.Neither the central government nor the local governments made policies to deal with natural disasters.As a result,disaster relief in Yunnan was seriously weak.All in all,Yunnan in late imperial China was totally stuck into a vicious circle of man-made ecological damages leading to frequent natural disasters which then would deteriorate social environment,and which in turn would result in prolonged famines.更多还原