【摘要】 【目的】我国山药种质资源丰富,生态条件、栽培技术措施等各异,因此不同产地、不同品种的山药生长发育特性、养分累积及分配特性等均存在较大差异。本研究分析比较了冀中平原3个主栽山药品种的生长发育以及对氮磷钾养分的吸收、累积动态特征,以期为山药可持续生产中养分资源的高效管理与利用提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】以研究区域主栽的棒药、紫药和小白嘴为供试品种,在农民常规管理的山药田随机设置采样小区,分别于山药播种后的80 d、110 d、140 d和180 d取样,测定山药根茎、茎、叶的鲜干重及氮、磷、钾养分含量。【结果】茎叶生物量随生育进程呈现先升后降的变化趋势,而根茎的生物量在收获期达到最高。棒药根茎鲜生物量显著高于紫药和小白嘴,但由于棒药栽培密度显著低于紫药和小白嘴,导致3个品种单位面积根茎的干物质积累量基本相当。对鲜干生物量累积动态特征的分析表明,与紫药和小白嘴相比,棒药鲜干生物量最大累积速率差异不大,但鲜干生物量快速累积持续期明显延长,最大累积速率出现的时间较晚。不同山药品种各养分的累积分配及养分利用效率不同,在整个生育期内,对氮磷钾养分的累积量3个品种均表现为K₂O≥N> P₂O₅,根茎>叶>茎,其中棒药对氮磷钾的累积量均最高,氮磷钾养分生产效率也均为最高,紫药和小白嘴差异不显著。对养分的累积动态特征分析结果表明,棒药对氮素和钾素的快速累积持续期最长,且最大累积速率也最高,但3个品种对磷素的累积动态特征差异不明显。【结论】供试3个品种中,紫药和小白嘴的生长发育及养分吸收累积动态特征相似,但与棒药明显不同。棒药的生物量大,产量高,养分的生产效率也最高,形成单位产量的养分需求量显著低于紫药和小白嘴。更多还原

【Abstract】 【Objectives】Genotypes, ecological conditions and cultivation techniques resulted in great differences in the growth and nutrient use efficiencies of yams from different habitats. The growth characteristics and nutrient requirement of three main cultivated yam varieties were compared, aiming to provide a support for high-efficient nutrient management in sustainable production of yam.【Methods】The main yam varieties were Bangyao, Xiaobaizui and Ziyao in the central Hebei plain. The yam samples were respectively collected at 80 d,110 d, 140 d and 180 d after sowing in the conventional field. Dry and fresh biomass were weighed, and the N, P and K contents in yam tubers, stems and leaves were determined.【Results】The biomass of stems and leaves increased firstly and then decreased with yam growing, while the maximum biomass of tuber appeared at the harvest. The tuber fresh biomass of Bangyao was significantly higher than those of Ziyao and Xiaobaizui, but the tuber dry matter of Bangyao was not higher because of its lower planting density. Compared with Ziyao and Xiaobaizui, the maximal accumulation speed of fresh and dry biomass of Bangyao were not higher, but the fleet accumulation durations of fresh and dry biomass of Bangyao were both longer, and the time reached the maximal accumulation rate was later. In addition, the significant differences in accumulation, distribution and use efficiency of nutrients were found among the three yam varieties. The rank of accumulation nutrients was all showed in the order of K₂O > N > P₂O₅ and tubers > leaves > stems in the tested three yam varieties. Bangyao had the highest accumulations of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O, and highest production efficiency of nutrients, but no significant difference was found between Ziyao and Xiaobaizui. Bangyao had the longest fleet accumulation duration and the highest maximal accumulation speed of N and K₂O, while the characteristics of accumulation dynamics of P₂O₅ had no significant differences among three varieties.【Conclusions】The characteristics of growth and nutrient accumulation had no significant differences between Ziyao and Xiaobaizui, but the biomass, yield and production efficiency of nutrients of Bangyao were significantly higher than those of Ziyao and Xiaobaizui, and the nutrient demand for forming unit yield was significantly lower than those of Ziyao and Xiaobaizui.更多还原