【摘要】 华北平原是我国主要的粮食生产基地之一,农民为了追求高产,过量施用化肥的弊端日益凸显。本研究依托中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站有机养分循环再利用长期定位试验,开展不同外源有机物料对土壤氮素和氨基糖在不同粒级土壤库中分布的影响研究,为阐释不同农业管理措施下土壤氮素的物理保护机制和生物保护机制提供依据。定位试验设6个处理:无肥无秸秆处理(对照,CK)、单施猪圈肥(M)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施秸秆(SCK)、化肥配施猪圈肥(MNPK)和化肥配施秸秆(SNPK)。通过超声波分散-离心分离得到3种粒径土壤——砂粒级(2 000～53μm)、粉粒级(53～2μm)和黏粒级(<2μm),分析全土及各粒级土壤中全氮和3种土壤氨基糖(氨基葡萄糖、胞壁酸和氨基半乳糖)的含量及变化;基于这3种土壤氨基糖的稳定性和异源性,以氨基糖作为微生物残留物标识物,了解真菌和细菌残留物的积累和转化,阐释真菌和细菌在养分转化中的作用。结果表明:添加有机物料(秸秆、猪圈肥)明显提升了土壤全氮和氨基糖含量,粒级间土壤氮素和氨基糖含量顺序均为黏粒级>砂粒级>粉粒级。添加有机物料对砂粒级土壤氮素影响最大,长期化肥配施猪圈肥中氮素主要在砂粒级中富集,长期化肥配施秸秆的氮素主要在黏粒级中富集。添加秸秆主要提高了真菌来源的氨基葡萄糖的含量,而添加猪圈肥主要提高了土壤中细菌来源的胞壁酸含量,表明添加不同有机物料可影响土壤微生物的群落结构。从各粒级中氨基葡萄糖/胞壁酸的比值来看,添加不同类型外源有机物料对砂粒级土壤微生物群落结构影响最为明显。由此可见,在长期秸秆还田措施下实施有机粪肥部分替代化肥不仅可以减少化肥用量,还可提升土壤养分含量和微生物多样性,改善土壤质量。更多还原

【Abstract】 The North China Plain(NCP) is one of the main grain production bases in China. In pursuance of high yield, excessive application of chemical fertilizers has been becoming increasingly common and problematic, especially in terms of soil quality degradation. A long-term experiment on soil organic nutrient recycling was conducted at Luancheng Agroecosystem Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences in this study. The aim was to evaluate the effects of different exogenous organic materials application on the distribution of nitrogen and amino sugar in different soil particle-size fractions and to provide the basis for explaining the soil physical and biological protection mechanisms of nitrogen under different management practices. The experiment had six treatments in triplicates — no chemical fertilizer without organic materials(CK), single application of pig manure(M), application of chemical fertilizers(NPK), combined application of chemical fertilizers and pig manure(MNPK), combined application of chemical fertilizers and straw(SNPK) and single application of straws(SCK). Three particle-size fractions(sand: 2 000–53 μm, silt: 53–2 μm and clay: < 2 μm) were separated through ultrasonic dispersion and centrifugal separation. Total nitrogen and amino sugars(glucosamine, muramic acid and amino galactose) were analyzed within these fractions and in the bulk soil. Based on the stability and heterogeneity of three soil amino sugars, we used amino sugar as index for fungal/bacterial residue accumulation and transformation to explain the role of fungi/bacteria in nutrient conversion. The results indicated that the addition of organic materials(straw and pig manure) significantly increased contents of total nitrogen and amino sugars in bulk soil and different particle-size fractions with order of clay fraction > sand fraction > silt fraction. The effect of adding exogenous organic substances on soil nitrogen content was most obvious in sand fraction. Soil nitrogen in MNPK treatment was enriched mainly in sand fraction, and nitrogen in SNPK was most enriched in clay fraction. Straw addition increased soil content of glucosamine from fungal residue, pig manure application increased content of muramic acid from bacteria residue, indicating obvious effect of exogenous organic substances on community structure of soil microorganisms. The ratios of glucosamine/muramic of soil particle-size fractions showed that bacteria dominated under pig manure application, and fungi dominated under CK or straw addition in nutrient decomposition and transformation, which was most obvious in sand fraction. In summary, partial replacement of chemical fertilizers with organic manure not only reduced chemical fertilizer use, but also increased soil nutrient content, improved microbial community structure and soil quality.更多还原