【摘要】 针对农村清洁供热中能源的合理利用及政策推行下系统的高效集成和优化设计等问题,该文以天津地区满足农村节能居住建筑设计要求的典型小户型农宅为研究对象,结合清洁供热工程中的常见复合系统集成形式搭建试验平台,运用试验测试的方法获得复合供热系统集成关键设备的供热特性,结合典型年气象特征评价不同系统集成方案,即空气源热泵与太阳能集热器集成的复合供热系统(方案1)、冷凝式燃气热水炉与太阳能集热器集成的复合供热系统(方案2)、空气源热泵与冷凝式燃气热水炉集成的复合供热系统(方案3)的能耗指标,并根据现有能源政策评价经济性同时参照典型年能耗水平评估环境影响。结果表明,就典型年气象条件下运行情况而言,方案1与方案2复合供热系统的一次能源消耗量及一次能源利用率水平相当,均优于方案3复合供热系统;在经济指标上,现行能源政策下方案1相比方案2及方案3均占优,3种方案的复合供热系统年运行费用的政策补贴率均值为45.07%,补贴政策的持续性也是影响到清洁供热推行的关键;从环境影响而言,方案2的污染物排放最低,其CO2排放量分别为方案1、3的65%、59%,SO2排放量分别为方案1、3的9%、8%,NOx排放量分别为方案1、3的26%、23%。该研究为为农村清洁供热的应用推广提供技术参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Rural areas in China is potential for installing clean heating system. Considering the distribution of rural population and housing, if we use the common central heating as the heating method, it will lead to low-density heating demand, high initial investment and high hot water transmission energy consumption, and rural buildings are facing the problem of relocation in the process of urbanization, thus decentralized heating is more suitable for rural areas in northern China. Multi-energy combination utilization, as a common means of clean heating, has few experimental studies in typical cold regions of China. The technical, economic and environmental assessments of different combined heating systems lack comparative analysis. Taking small-scale energy-saving heating system for farmhouse in Tianjin as an example, this paper proposes a method to asses technical, economic and environmental impact of different cleaning heating systems using meteorological data. We compared and analyzed the applicability and operation of three systems: the air-source heat pump combined with solar collector system, the condensed gas furnace combined with solar collector system, and air-source heat pump combined with condensed gas furnace system. The hot water load under different standards was calculated using an energy simulation software based on the heating load calculated for typical small household. The key equipment was selected based on the load level, and a test platform using floor radiation as terminal heating equipment was established to obtain the essential heating characteristics of the key equipment. Experiment based on the standards was conducted, and the relationship between the performance parameters of the key equipment and the outdoor environmental parameters were obtained. The primary energy consumption and primary energy rate of each system was evaluated based on typical annual meteorological data. Economic assessment of the three systems was based on the annual cost of their energy consumption and the existing energy policy; the environmental impact was assessed based on the annual energy consumption and the CO₂, SO₂ and NO₂ emissions. The results show that the primary energy ratio and the consumption of the air-source heat pump water heater combined with solar collectors were equivalent to those of the solar collectors combined with gas furnace. The initial investment and operating cost of the air-source heat pump water heater combined with solar collector system were the lowest, with an annual cost of $1 638.29, but its heating quality was low when ambient temperature was below-6 °C. The subsidy provided from the clean heating policy accounts for 45.07% of the annual operating costs, indicating that the policy plays an important role in promoting the clean heating system. In terms of environmental impact, the pollutant emission of the scheme 2 was the lowest. The CO₂ emissions of Scheme 2 were 65% and 59% of Scheme 1 and Scheme 3, respectively. The SO₂ emissions of Scheme 2 were 9% and 8% of Scheme 1 and Scheme 3, respectively, and the NOx emissions of Scheme 2 were 26% and 23% of Scheme 1 and Scheme 3, respectively. This study provides technical reference for the application of clean heating in rural areas.更多还原