【摘要】 为探寻洱海流域合理的施肥方式,减少氮肥的氨挥发损失,采用"密闭室间歇通气法",研究了不同氮肥类型及施氮量对稻田氨挥发规律、氨挥发累积量及水稻产量的影响,并探究了影响氨挥发排放的因素。研究结果表明:稻田氨挥发主要发生在施肥后2～5 d内,穗肥期氨挥发损失占比最大为19.04%～33.00%,其次分蘖肥期损失为7.18%～15.72%,基肥期损失最少为4.89%～7.76%。不同施肥处理中常规施肥（CF）、化肥减量20%（T1）、单施有机肥（T2）、有机肥与化肥配施（T3）、考虑当季25%矿化率单施有机肥（T4）、考虑当季25%矿化率有机肥与化肥配施（T5）和单施控释肥（T6）的氨挥发累积量分别为42.52、22.73、11.71、15.12、38.24、25.95 kg·hm^-2和18.44 kg·hm^-2。等量施氮条件下不同肥料类型氨挥发损失占比大小为尿素>控释肥>有机肥+化肥>有机肥。不同施氮量条件下,施氮量越大氨挥发累积量越大,且氨挥发速率与田面水NH4+-N浓度呈正相关性。综合稻田氨挥发累积量及水稻产量,在洱海流域典型农区水稻种植中,有机肥与化肥配施（25%当季矿化率）、化肥减量施用（20%）以及控释肥施用是3种较优的环境友好型施肥方式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ammonia（NH₃）volatilization is one of the major ways of nitrogen loss in paddy field. To reduce NH₃ volatilization and optimize fertilization scheme for paddy fields in the Erhai basin, effects of fertilizer types, nitrogen application rate and management strategies on NH₃ volatilization and rice grain yield were investigated using closed-chamber intermittent ventilation method. Correlation between NH₃ volatilization and soil characteristics were also evaluated. Results showed that, maximum NH₃ volatilization occurred within 2～5 days after fertilization. Moreover, the NH₃ volatilization loss accounted for 19.04%～33.00% at panicle growth stage, about 7.18%～15.72% at tillering stage, and about 4.89%～7.76% at basal stage. The NH₃ volatilization accumulations of conventional fertilization（CF）, 20% nitrogen reduction（T1）, refined organic fertilizers（T2）, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer（T3）, considering 25% mineralization rate of refined organic fertilizers（T4）, considering 25% mineralization rate of refined organic fertilizers along with conventional fertilization, refined organic fertilizers + conventional fertilization（T5）, and controlled release fertilizer（T6）were 42.52, 22.73, 11.71, 15.12, 38.24, 25.95 kg·hm^-2,and 18.44 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Under the same amount of nitrogen application, the proportion of NH₃ volatilization loss of different fertilizer types was:conventional fertilization > controlled release fertilizer > refined organic fertilizers + conventional fertilization > refined organic fertilizers. Nitrogen application rate in different treatments were directly proportional to the accumulated amount of NH₃. In addition,NH₃ volatilization rate was positively related to NH+4-N concentration in the surface water. Considering the NH₃ volatilization accumulation and rice yield, compared with conventional fertilization, the treatments T1, T5 and T6 are environmentally friendly fertilization methods.更多还原