【摘要】 清代山东地区自然灾害种类多、发生频繁。从史料记载看,清代所发生的自然灾害,以水灾、旱灾、蝗灾和震灾为主。在清代268 a中,山东地区共发生涝灾245年次,黄、运洪灾129年次,潮灾45年次,旱灾233年次,蝗灾138年次,震级不同的地震283次,并且呈现周期性和不断增长的趋势。频繁发生的自然灾害,对清代山东地区的经济发展、社会秩序、人口数量产生了重大影响。为减轻灾害的影响,稳定和发展社会经济,政府采取了蠲免、赈济、调粟等相应的救灾措施。但是,由于受政府财政能力变化的影响,荒政也呈不断衰退的趋势。造成荒政衰退的原因很多,主要还是整个社会经济的衰退。清代前期,社会经济上升,政府财政收入多,救灾投入多,救灾效果也较好;清代后期,随着社会经济脆弱程度的加剧,政府的财政收入状况不断恶化,自然灾害发生后政府往往无力救助,救灾的时效性大不如前。更多还原

【Abstract】 Natural disasters were of great variety and frequency in Shandong during Qing Dynasty.From the historical records,the main disasters in Shandong during Qing Dynasty included flood,drought,locust and earthquake.During the 268 years of Qing Dynasty,waterlogging happened 245 times in Shandong and 129 times in the Yellow River and Yun River,tide disaster occurred 45 times,drought 233 times,locust 138 times and earthquake 283 times,which presented the periodic and increasing tendency.Frequent occurrences of natural disaster significantly impacted the economic development,social order and population quantity in Shandong during Qing Dynasty.In order to reduce the influence of disaster and to stabilize and develop the social economy,the government adopted some relief measures such as remitting,relieves,millet adjustment and so on.However,due to the change of government finance,the famine relief measures were also assumed the declining tendency.The main reason was the decline of the entire social economy.In the earlier period of Qing Dynasty,the social economy developed prosperously,the government financial revenue increased,and the disaster relief inputs was enough so that the effect of disaster relief was obvious.While in the later period,along with the social economy’s becoming frail,the government’s financial revenue decreased unceasingly,the government was often incapable of rescues,and the effect of disaster relief was inferior obviously.更多还原