【摘要】 本研究利用ICP-OES对西北干旱区某规模化电子垃圾拆解厂拆解车间内外空气不同粒径的颗粒物(PM₁. 0、PM_2.5、PM₁₀)及上风向对照点PM_2.5中的6种重金属（Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn）的浓度进行了分析测定,基于该数据对拆解车间内外颗粒物中重金属污染浓度水平、粒径分布特征、职业暴露风险以及呼吸系统沉积特征进行了研究.结果表明,拆解车间内外颗粒物中重金属Zn(室内4 890 ng·m^-3,室外1 245 ng·m^-3)、Pb(室内1 201 ng·m^-3,室外240 ng·m^-3)、Cu(室内1 200ng·m^-3,室外110 ng·m^-3)均表现出较高的污染水平,且室内浓度远高于室外数倍,表明拆解活动是造成室内空气较高浓度重金属的主要原因,室内外空气环境污染特征与电子垃圾拆解种类密切相关.粒径分布特征为:车间内空气环境中重金属主要吸附于PM_2.5中,车间外主要是赋存于PM₁₀中.职业暴露风险评估显示:Cr的非致癌与致癌风险最高;拆解厂车间室内外6种重金属总非致癌危害指数为1. 62×10^-3和3. 60×10^-4,远低于U. S. EPA规定的限定值（1. 0）;车间室内外致癌总风险值为2. 69×10^-7和2. 59×10^-9,小于可接受范围(1×10^-6),表明由重金属所导致的职业健康风险相对较小;评估结果表明按国家环保要求规模化建厂的电子垃圾拆解厂空气环境颗粒物中重金属对公共健康造成的风险处于相对安全的水平.颗粒态重金属在人体呼吸系统的不同器官的沉积特征表现为粒径越小,在呼吸系统的深处的沉积百分占比越大,建议企业应针对细颗粒物给职业工人造成的呼吸健康风险采取相应的减排对策.更多还原

【Abstract】 Atmospheric particle samples( PM₁. 0、PM_2.5、PM₁₀) were collected from three sampling sites（ indoor and outdoor workplaces of a formal e-waste dismantling plant,and upwind area） in an arid area of Northwest China. The contents of six heavy metals（ Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,and Zn） were analyzed using ICP-OES. Based on this data,the concentration levels,size distribution characteristics,and occupational exposure risks of heavy metals at the indoor and outdoor dismantling workplaces were studied. Particle analysis showed that Zn( 4 890 ng·m^-3 indoors,1 245 ng·m^-3 outdoors) 、Pb( indoors 1 201 ng·m^-3,outdoors 240 ng·m^-3),and Cu( indoors 1 200 ng·m^-3,outdoors 110 ng·m^-3) showed higher pollution levels indoors and outdoors at the dismantling workplace.Moreover,the indoor concentration was much higher than that outdoors,indicating that the dismantling activity was the main cause of the high levels of heavy metal contamination. The indoor and outdoor air pollution characteristics were closely related to the types of electronic waste dismantled. Occupational exposure risk assessments showed that the total non-carcinogenic hazard quotient（ HQ） of the indoor and outdoor dismantling workshops was 1. 62 ×10^-3,and 3. 60 ×10^-4,respectively,and the carcinogenic risk values were2. 69 ×10^-7 and 2. 59 ×10^-9. Cd caused the greatest carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks at both indoor and outdoor dismantling workplaces,but it was still far below the limits（ 1. 0） and acceptable ranges( 1 ×10^-6) stipulated by U. S. EPA,indicating that the health risks caused by heavy metals were minor or negligible. Heavy metals in the ambient particulate matter released from an adequately equipped and formally managed e-waste dismantling plant would not lead to any public health risk. The sedimentation characteristics of particulate heavy metals in different organs of the human respiratory system exhibited that the smaller the particle size was,the greater the proportion of deposition in the depths of the respiratory system was. Enterprises should make scientific and effective decisions on the respiratory health risks caused by such fine particles to the health of professional workers.更多还原