【摘要】 在对汶川、都江堰、彭州和北川等地地震灾害调查的基础上,结合大量文献资料,分析了震害特点并探讨了震害成因。认为汶川地震是在特殊的地质构造和地球动力学背景下产生的,地震震害有许多独特之处。地震产生的许多变形带是浅表层局部变形,与浅表层地质条件有关,不是地震断层,破坏性不严重。地貌在地震中有伸缩现象,其中山体部分伸展、河谷地带收缩、地貌伸缩与地震中应力释放和应变恢复过程产生的多层次滑脱有关。桥梁在地震中遭到了严重破坏,许多桥梁完全垮塌,显示架空结构建筑物对地震的抗击能力差,有的桥梁有中央断裂或垮塌一半的特点,可能是因为河流两岸地震波不连续或不同方向震动强度不同。地震中建筑物的破坏具有不均匀性,主要表现有滑坡和崩塌加重了建筑物的破坏、地基不均匀导致建筑群不均匀破坏、饱和砂土地震液化引起地基失效导致建筑群强烈破坏、斜坡带临空一侧建筑物破坏程度高、建筑物的破坏具有与地震波相关的方向性。汶川地震震害警示,在强烈地震区加强地质研究、地质灾害危险性评估、工程勘察和结合地震破坏特点的工程抗震设防的极端重要性。更多还原

【Abstract】 After the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake,we carried out investigation on seismic disasters in Wenchuan, Dujiangyan, Pengzhou, and Beichuan counties or cities in Sichuan Province. Combined with literature survey,the results show that the disasters caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake bear many distinctive aspects. Many deformation belts are local surface deformation belts rather than seismic faults, causing slight destructivity to buildings. Building damages were mainly aggravated by landform variation including the widening of mountains and the narrowing of valleys relating to multilayer detachment put forward by the process of stress release and strain recovery during the quake. Bridges were the most severely destroyed constructions with many of them entirely collapsed,suggesting that constructions with overhead structure bear feeble anti-quake capability. Some bridges were broken in the middle, implying possibly discontinuous shock waves on two river banks. Some bridges have their half part collapsed which may indicate different quake intensities in different directions. The damage intensities of buildings vary remarkably along with various causing factors of earthquake, i. e., landslide, land collapse,seismic liquation of saturated soils, and quake-wave direction,etc. Geological research, geohazard danger evaluation,engineering investigation, and building’s anti-quake design are strongly suggested to be carried out in region of high seismic potential.更多还原