【摘要】 现有关于环境管制与就业的研究大多忽略了环境管制类型之间的经济效应差异,集中于研究末端环境管制对就业的影响。事实上,不同类型的环境管制政策,其作用机制和效果存在较大的差异;相比于末端环境管制,前端污染治理更多地涉及企业资本投入增加对就业的多渠道影响,更加错综复杂。鉴于此,文章将2001-2005年我国省区层面的清洁生产政策作为外在冲击,并将就业在行业间的再分配效应纳入分析范畴,运用拟断点回归方法,从企业层面考察了前端污染治理对我国企业吸纳就业能力的影响,并探讨了其作用的微观机制。实证结果显示:(1)总体上,前端污染治理对就业产生了正向作用,提高了企业的就业吸纳能力。(2)从影响机制看,前端污染治理主要通过正向的规模效应和市场选择效应提升了企业的就业吸纳能力,具体表现为:前端污染治理通过激励企业更新生产设备而提高了企业的生产效率,而且这一效率提升效应大于生产成本增加效应,最终促使企业扩大生产规模,吸纳更多的就业;通过市场的进入和退出,前端污染治理使得具有一定规模的高效率企业得以进入和存活,进而使整个市场吸纳了更多的就业。(3)从影响的异质性来看,前端污染治理的正向影响主要作用于污染密集型行业、大规模企业和国有企业。上述结论对于制定合理的环境政策,有效调整就业方向,实现环境改善、经济可持续发展和缓解就业压力具有重要的政策涵义。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the continuous environmental quality deterioration,Chinese government has implemented various environmental regulation policies which lead to a series of debates on environmental protection and economic development. One of the main arguments is that environmental regulations have greatly increased the production and operating cost of enterprises,and companies pursuing profit maximization have to reduce the scale of production,which may result in the loss of employment. Most of the existing studies relating to this point ignore the differences in the economic effect between environmental regulation types,mainly focusing on the impact of terminal environment regulations on employment. In fact,different types of environmental regulations have different mechanisms and economic effects.This paper turns the research perspective from terminal environment regulations to pollution prevention regulations.Specifically,we take the clean production policy at the provincial level in China from 2001 to2005 as a policy shock,employ the method of pseudo-regression discontinuity model to examine the impact of pollution prevention regulations on jobs of enterprises in our country,and explore the micro-mechanism of its effect.The pseudo-regression discontinuity model is a combination of the differences-in-differences and regression discontinuity method,which can not only use the regression discontinuity method to define the treatment group and the control group,taking advantage of the quasi-natural experiment,but also utilize the differences-in-differences method to exclude the effect of unpredictable factors,solve the endogenous problem,and more effectively identify the impact of pollution prevention regulations on employment.The results of this paper show that,on the whole,pollution prevention regulations have played a positive role in promoting employment.In terms of the impact mechanism,pollution prevention regulations encourage enterprises to update their production equipments and enhance their production efficiency.Although the production and operation cost and the efficiency gains are both increased,the productivity improvement effect is greater than the cost increase effect,which eventually expands the scale of production and provides more jobs.At the same time,pollution prevention regulations have enabled a certain number of highly efficient enterprises to enter the market and survive,and the entire market has created more jobs.In addition,technological improvement has not produced a capital substitution for labor and avoided job losses.Finally,the positive impact of pollution prevention regulations mainly exists in heavily-polluting industries,large-scale enterprises,state-owned enterprises.After a series of validity tests,the empirical results of this paper are proved to be effective and robust.The conclusions of this paper have important policy implications.It is necessary to execute and deepen pollution prevention regulations,which will contribute to formulate reasonable environmental policies,effectively relieve employment pressure,and achieve environmental improvement and sustainable economic development.When formulating pollution prevention regulation policies,the government should consider the heterogeneity of industries and provide effective policy guidance for upgrading small-scale enterprises’technology.更多还原