【摘要】 中国自秦统一之后,与各国在封建社会的基础上建立起严格的等级秩序,形成朝贡体系;美国自二战后凭借自身的实力优势将各国纳入等级秩序之中,形成美国主导的国际等级体系。古代中国的朝贡体系与当代美国的等级体系既有相同点也有不同点:第一,虽都以绝对的物质实力为前提,但前者建立在小农经济基础上而后者建立在自由经济基础上;第二,虽在本质上都是一种非对称关系,但前者是一种形式上的不平等而后者是一种实质上的不平等;第三,虽都强调以利益让渡和权威建立维持体系稳定,但前者更注重文化权威而后者更加注重制度权威;第四,虽都在于维护统治者国内外的安全稳定,但前者具有内向性与和平性而后者更具扩张性和侵略性。两种体系虽处于不同的时代背景,但都以"等级"为核心且具有相同的结构因素,且朝贡体系中的一些积极因素仍然适用于当今国际社会,并在未来的体系构建中发挥重要作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 After the reunification of China,a strict hierarchical order was established between central government and the feudal kingdoms on the basis of federal society,forming a tributary system.Since the World War II,the United States has formed an American-led hierarchy system by virtue of its own strength.There are similarities and differences between the two kinds of systems.First,although they both depend on absolute strength,the former is based on small-scale peasant economy while the latter is based on free economy.Second,although both of them are essentially asymmetric,the former is a formal inequality while the latter is a real inequality.Third,although both emphasize the transfer of interests and the establishment of authority to maintain the stability of the system,the former pays more attention to cultural authority while the latter pays more attention to institutional authority.Forth,although both of them are aimed at maintaining the security and stability of the rulers at home and abroad,the former is more inward and peaceful while the latter is more expansionary and aggressive.Although the historical background of the two systems is different,they both take hierarchy as the core and have the same structural factors.Moreover,some positive factors in the tributary system are still effective on contemporary society and will play an important role in system construction in the future.更多还原