【摘要】 针对粮田大量施用化肥导致土壤质量下降以及不合理施用有机肥带来的环境污染问题,基于产量和环境条件探索有机肥部分替代无机肥的适宜配比,为科学施肥、减少氮素淋失、保护土壤环境提供理论依据。本研究在麦玉轮作区进行大田试验,设置不施氮肥（T1）、牛粪有机肥氮与化肥氮配比分别为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、1∶4（简称T2、T3、T4、T5）和单施化肥（T6）6个处理,研究自然降水条件下不同有机肥化肥配施比例对作物产量、土壤剖面硝态氮累积分布的影响。结果表明,有机无机配比为1∶2时小麦、玉米平均总产量最高,为11.4 t·hm^-2,比不施氮肥处理提高46.2%,比单施化肥处理提高3.6%。0～100 cm各土层硝态氮累积量随着牛粪有机肥所占比例降低而升高,以单施化肥处理土壤中硝态氮累积量最高,此趋势在小麦玉米收获期的80～100 cm土层表现更明显。表明该时期土壤硝态氮已存在迁移累积现象,对地下水带来潜在的污染风险。因此,在兼顾小麦玉米产量和环境双重条件下,小麦、玉米两季的结果均表现为有机与无机氮肥最佳配比为1∶2,在此比例下,有机肥的替代施用较纯化肥处理提高产量的同时,还能降低土壤中硝态氮的累积和迁移。更多还原

【Abstract】 The overuse of chemical fertilizer in grain fields results in reduction of soil quality, whereas improper use of organic fertilizer leads to environmental pollution. In this study, based on food production and environmental conditions, the optimal ratio for partial substitution of inorganic fertilizer with organic manure fertilizer was explored to provide a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization, reduction of nitrate（NO^-₃） leaching, and protection of soil environment. The test was conducted under a wheat and maize rotation system. The treatments were set as T1 with no N application, T2, T3, T4 and T5 with the ratio of organic N to inorganic N as 1∶1, 1∶2, 1∶3 and 1∶4 respectively, and T6 with only inorganic fertilizer N. The influences of different proportions of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer on crop yield and soil vertical distribution of NO^-₃-N were studied under natural rainfall. The results showed that the total yield of wheat and maize of T3 was the highest(11.4 t·hm^-2) at the ratio of organic N to chemical N as 1∶2,which was 46.2% higher than that of T1 and 3.6% higher than that of T6. The accumulation of NO^-₃-N in the 0～100-cm soil layer increased with the decrease of manure proportion, and the highest value was under T6. This trend was more obvious in 80～100-cm soil layer, which indicated that NO^-₃-N had accumulated and migrated, and the risk of groundwater pollution had increased. To compromise between yield and environmental conditions, the optimum ratio of organic fertilizer to inorganic fertilizer for wheat and maize in both seasons was 1∶2. At this ratio, the use of organic manure could reduce the accumulation and migration of NO^-₃-N in soil but increase the crop yield compared to only chemical fertilizer treatment.更多还原