【作者】 于晓丹；

【导师】 汪克夷；

【作者基本信息】 大连理工大学 ， 技术经济及管理， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 我国科技企业孵化器经过二十多年的发展,已经成为国家技术创新体系的重要组成部分和高新技术成果转化的重要载体,在科技创新、培育高新技术产业、推动区域经济增长、创造就业机会等方面发挥了显著作用。投资主体多元化、运行机制多样化、孵化服务专业化的发展方式,促进了我国科技企业孵化器在数量、孵化面积、孵化企业数、毕业企业数以及就业人数等方面不断增长,取得了可喜的成绩。但是,目前孵化器也存在管理人员素质不高、中介服务体系不完善、融资渠道不畅通等问题,制约孵化器的健康发展及众多科技型中小企业的成长。因此,如何拓展孵化器服务内容,提升服务功能,培育更多的高新技术企业成为十分紧迫的任务。科技型中小企业是孵化器服务的对象,是孵化器培育的产品,也是孵化器绩效的直接体现。进入知识经济时代,知识已经成为企业重要的生产要素,企业的成长过程就是企业知识存量不断增加、知识结构不断完善的过程。所以,本文的出发点是考察科技型中小企业不同成长阶段的特点,分析其成长过程中的知识需求,并以此为基础来构建孵化器知识服务体系,提升孵化器的服务功能。论文以孵化器和科技型中小企业为对象,对相关文献进行归纳、分析和整理。开展了对企业成长理论、生命周期理论的研究,一方面阐明了科技型中小企业成长的本质和特征,另一方面也为孵化器应如何培育在孵企业提供理论依据。通过对孵化器、知识服务和知识管理、知识网络研究现状的分析,总结归纳了国内外学者对于孵化器的概念、构成要素、分类、功能、服务内容等方面的研究成果,提出了孵化器服务正从“硬件’服务(办公条件和基础设施)为主的阶段发展到以“软件”服务(技术咨询、企业管理、市场开拓等)为主的阶段。从对知识服务研究进展的综述中可以看到,虽然目前学者对知识服务业以及知识服务的概念、特征、分类等问题多有论述,但是对知识服务应用实践还有待于深入研究。论文开展了面向在孵企业的孵化器服务需求及满意度调查。调查结果显示在孵企业最需要管理服务、政府网络、投融资服务、信息与中介服务、市场开拓五类服务,但目前对这几类服务的满意度不高。作为对比和参考,本文研究了美国、英国、德国等孵化器发达国家的现状及服务特点。根据调查和对国内外孵化器发展的研究,指出知识服务是孵化器提升服务功能的方向。开展了针对在孵企业知识需求的调查,总结归纳出在孵企业需求的五类知识,即技术知识、融资知识、市场知识、组织结构知识和政策知识。论文提出了孵化器知识服务的概念、构成要素、特征及服务模式。基于知识网络视角分析孵化器内的多层知识网络,多层知识网络间的相互作用构成了孵化器知识服务优势,揭示出孵化器知识服务对在孵企业成长的作用,提出在孵企业的成长路径。根据在孵企业的知识需求分析孵化器的知识供给,孵化器供给的知识中有一部分由自身提供,而大部分从外部的知识资源中获得。孵化器对这些知识通过获取、整合、创新,最终形成培育企业成长的方案应用于在孵企业。孵化器知识服务的内容按照企业成长阶段和知识类别两种标准组织,并以智能式、自助式和专家咨询式三种知识服务方式提供。这两种知识服务内容和三种知识服务方式共同构成了孵化器知识服务模式。指出影响孵化器知识服务的主要因素包括知识服务网络资源的构建、孵化器人员素质和创新文化培育三项。论文构建了孵化器知识服务系统。阐述了孵化器知识服务系统的运行模式和系统对于在孵企业的培育流程。形成孵化器知识服务系统的描述矩阵模型(KRESF模型)即知识索引的描述矩阵K(Knowledge);企业特征描述矩阵E(Enterprise);企业在不同孵化阶段对知识服务需求标准的描述矩阵R(Requirement);知识方案配置描述矩阵S(Solution);以及来自企业的服务反馈描述矩阵F(Feedback)。采用结合层次分析法的面向对象的系统设计方法进行知识服务系统的框架设计,用知识地图方法将各类知识库引入孵化器知识服务系统中。最后,以大连双D港生物医药创业孵化基地为例,构建孵化器知识服务系统设计方案。更多还原

【Abstract】 Through 20 years rapid development, China’s technology business incubators have become an important sector of national technical innovation system and a major platform for high-tech research findings transferring into products.Incubators are now playing a significant role in areas as scientific and technical innovation, cultivation of high-tech industry, promotion of regional economic development, creation of employment opportunities and so on. The development of technology business incubator on the investors’diversity, the operating mechanisms’diversification and the services’specialization has greatly promoted the incubating coverage, the number of incubators, the number of incubating and incubated enterprises, and also the number of employees.However, despite the delightful achievement, incubators’development is confronting many bottleneck problems, for instance, the employees are not very professional, the mediating institutions are not perfectly organized, and the small and medium-sized enterprises have limited and blocked financing channels.These problems are harming the healthy development of incubators and thus the many small technology enterprises under incubation.As a result, in accord to the characteristics and demands of the development of small and medium-sized technology enterprises,it’s imminent and important to make an overall and systematic analysis on these enterprises’knowledge demand and provide effectual incubation service, in order to improve the capacity of incubating companies.Small and medium-sized technology enterprises are the objectives and productions of incubator services, and they demonstrate the incubators’performance directly. In the new intellectual economic era, knowledge has become the most significant factor of production. Enterprises grow and develop with increasing existing knowledge under a more rational structure. So this article starts with the analysis on characteristics and demands of incubating enterprises in their processing stages, then it conducts a supportive system for knowledge, which could promote incubators’service function.Firstly, with induction, analysis and reorganization of researches related with incubators and Small and medium-sized technology enterprises, the article studies the theories of development and life circle of enterprises,which on one hand illustrates the essence and features of small and medium-sized technology enterprises,and on the other hand prepares the’ theoretic basis on how to incubate enterprises.Secondly, through analysis of the current study of incubators,knowledge service, knowledge management and knowledge network, the article induces the research findings of concept, constituent, classification, function, content of incubators’service, and concludes that incubators are developing toward software service (providing experience and intelligent solution) from the hardware service (office facilities and infrastructures).From the review of research on knowledge service, we can see that, in spite of the many discussions of the concept, features and classification of knowledge service and the industry, researches in this field are neither systematic nor practical.Based on theoretic research,the article has conducted a survey to examine how satisfactory incubating enterprises are to incubators’service. The result shows that the enterprises pay most attention to the qualities of management, the government network, the investing and financing service, the information and intermediary service, and the extension of new market. However, the incubators fail to meet the demand of enterprises in these aspects. The fact has pointed out a way for incubators to promote and improve.For contrast and reference, the article studies the current status and service features of incubators of America, Britain and German. After the comparison of China’s incubators and those of other countries, the article puts forward the knowledge service as a development direction for incubators.This article provides the concept, constitution factors, characteristics and modes of incubator’s knowledge service. From the perspective of knowledge network, it analyzes the multi-layer knowledge network inside incubators, based on which it finds out that the advantaged service of incubators coming from the interaction of different knowledge layer.’It has also revealed the impact of incubators’knowledge on incubating enterprises and brought up the growing path of incubating enterprises.Analyzing the knowledge supply from its demand, some part of the knowledge can be provided by incubators, while a major part is obtained by the incubators from other knowledge resources.Incubators attain, integrate, innovate and make use of the knowledge to form a cultivation solution for the incubating enterprise. According to the stage of growth and knowledge type of enterprises,separate incubators’ knowledge services are provided by the means of intelligence, self-administration and consultation to experts.The integration of service substances and means makes the mode of incubators’knowledge service. The article also concludes 3 main factors that influence incubators’knowledge service; they are the construction of the network resources of knowledge service, the quality of incubators’employees, the cultivation of innovative culture.The article has constructed the incubators’knowledge service system and elaborated the operating mode of the system and the cultivating process to incubating enterprises. It comes up with a mathematic mode of the KRESF matrix in the system, i.e. matrix K to describe knowledge indexes, matrix E to describe enterprise features, matrix R to describe required knowledge service standards in enterprises’various incubating stages, matrix S to describe scheme of knowledge allocation and matrix F to describe feedbacks from enterprises.It made use of AHP and the object-oriented system designing method to realize the overall construct of incubators’knowledge service system.And the various kinds of knowledge base are brought into incubators under the method of knowledge map.At the end of the article, it illustrates a professional incubator, DD Port in Dalian, to make an embodiment for incubators’knowledge service system.更多还原