【作者】 陶玲；

【导师】 赵广播；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工业大学 ， 热能工程， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 随我国社会生产力的发展和工业化程度的提高,工业危险废物的产生量迅速增长。危险废物的毒性、易爆性、腐蚀性、易燃性、化学反应性和传染性等危害特性对人类的健康和环境具有极大威胁。如对它们处置不妥,其中的有毒有害物质如重金属、化学物质、病原微生物等可以通过土壤、大气、水体进入环境,造成严重污染。目前我国对工业危险废物的处理处置还处于初级阶段,技术比较落后,规范和标准尚未完全建立。因此,研究工业危险废物处理处置技术,对控制危险废物造成的污染、保证人类健康有重要意义,已受到政府、科技界、产业界和环境保护界的重视。在现有的工业危险废物处理处置方法中,焚烧法以其减量化、无害化、资源化和二次污染小等优势被大力发展。本文以油漆渣-焦油渣成型工业危险废物为对象,对粉状、单颗粒、颗粒群等工业危险废物的热解特性、燃烧特性进行全面研究,并根据研究结果,设计了处理量为1500kg/h的工业危险废物焚烧系统和焚烧装置。利用热重-红外连用装置,对粉状油漆渣-焦油渣工业危险废物进行热解试验,得到热解特征温度、热解产率、主要热解气体析出量随升温速率、热解终温和样品粒径的变化规律;以及一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氨气和甲烷的析出温度段、析出量、析出最大速率温度。在试验基础上,提出热解动力学模型,并分段计算出热解过程中的指前因子和活化能。利用自行搭建的单颗粒热重试验台,对单个油漆渣-焦油渣工业危险废物颗粒的热解特性进行了试验研究,得到了热解产率,以及升温速率、热解终温对单个废物颗粒热解特性的影响;建立了热解动力学模型,计算了热解动力学参数;研究了单个废物颗粒的燃烧特性,得到了燃烧失重率随过量空气系数和炉膛温度的变化规律。利用固定床燃烧试验台,对油漆渣-焦油渣工业危险废物颗粒群进行了燃烧试验。得到了危险废物的失重过程、燃烧速率、火焰前锋传播速度、床层内最高温度、气态燃烧产物及氧气浓度随一次风量、物料水分、床层高度和粒径的变化规律。通过Phoenics计算平台,对层燃炉排上的油漆渣-焦油渣工业危险废物的燃烧特性进行了研究。建立了一维非稳态模型,确定了基本控制方程、水分蒸发模型、挥发分析出及燃烧模型、焦炭燃烧模型和NO生成模型。得到了床层质量变化、床层内温度分布、燃烧产物的计算结果,以及一次风量对燃烧速率、床层内最高温度及床层内气体影响的计算结果,计算结果与试验结果趋势一致。确定了处理量为1500t/h工业危险废物焚烧处理的系统工艺流程,设计了焚烧炉,得到了焚烧炉结构、热力、阻力等参数,研究了炉膛温度对CO浓度、NOx浓度和烟尘浓度的影响。监测表明,该焚烧炉的有害气体、烟尘、重金属等均达标排放,烟气黑度、焚烧炉残渣热灼减率、残渣二噁英、飞灰二噁英等也满足国家相关标准。更多还原

【Abstract】 Generation of industrial hazardous waste increases rapidly with the increase of the productive development and improvement of industry. Toxicity, explosibility, causticity, inflammability, chemical reactivity and infectiousness of hazardous waste do great harm to human health and surroundings. If hazardous waste is not treated appropriately, poisonous matters such as heavy metal, chemical matters and pathogenic microorganism could transmit to the circumstance by soil, air and water. At present, treatment of industrial hazardous waste in China is in a primary stage, with technology falling behind and standard not being built. Thus, research of industrial hazardous waste treatment is of great benefit to control pollution and ensure human health. The government, science and technology circle, industry circle and environmental protection circle has pay plenty attention to this object. Among the present industrial hazardous waste treatment, incineration is well developed because of its decrement, harmless, resource and low secondary pollution. In this work, pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of hazardous waste powder and particles are carried out. Hazardous waste treatment procedure and incinerator of 1500kg/h are designed.Pyrolysis experiments of industrial hazardous waste powder are carried out by using TG-FTIR. The change law of pyrolysis characteristic temperatures, pyrolysis yields, released pyrolysis gas with heating rate, final temperature and particle size are discussed. The release temperature range of CO, CO2, NH3 and CH4, gas release and maximum release rate temperature are curtained. Pyrolysis kinetics model are proposed. Preexponential factor and activation energy of the pyrolysis process are calculated.Pyrolysis characteristics of industrial hazardous waste particle are discussed by using pyrolysis and combustion experimental rig. Pyrolysis yields and influence of heating rate and final temperature on pyrolysis characteristics are discussed. Pyrolysis kinetics model are developed and pyrolysis kinetics parameters are calculated. Combustion characteristics of hazardous waste and influence of excess air coefficient and furnace temperature on combustion weight loss rate are discussed.Combustion experiments of industrial hazardous waste particles are carried out by using fixed bed experimental rig. Influence of primary air flow, moisture, bed height and particle size on weight loss rate, combustion rate, igration front speed, highest temperature within the bed, combustion gas and O2 concentration are discussed.Combustion characteristics of industrial hazardous waste on grate furnace are studied with PHOENICS. One-dimensional unstable state model is developed. Basic control equation, moisture evaporation model, volatile release model, char combustion model and NO generation model are developed. Calculation results of bed weight, temperature distribution and combustion gas are obtained. Influence of primary air flow on combustion rate, highest temperature and combustion gas in the bed are discussed. The results show that calculated results are in agreement with experimental results.Treatment procedure of 1500kg/h industrial hazardous waste is determined and incinerator is designed. Incinerator structure, thermal and hindrance are obtained. Influences of furnace temperature on CO, NOx and dust concentration are discussed. The monitoring show that release of harmful gas, dust, heavy metal reaches the standard. Blackness, dioxins in ash residue and dioxins in fly ash satisfy the national standard.更多还原