【作者】 佐藤芳之；

【导师】 张双棣；

【作者基本信息】 北京大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 日语和汉语是没有亲属关系的两种语言,但日汉之间存在着大量的同形词,其中还有相当一部分是同形异义词。同形词的存在给日中两国学习相互语言的人们提供了很大的方便,但有时也会产生不少由同形异义词引起的困惑和错误。因此日汉同形异义词的研究在日语和汉语的语言教学上具有重要意义。除此以外,日汉同形异义词的研究还涉及到日语和汉语之间的语言接触的问题,而且该研究在词汇史方面也具有很大意义。尤其是对词义的历史演变方面。本文的目标是通过日汉同形异义词的比较研究来寻找在词义的发展演变过程当中有哪些动因和规律。本文第一章绪论部分回顾了日汉同形异义词产生的背景,阐述了什么是日汉同形异义词、日汉同形异义词研究的意义以及研究现状,并对研究的材料和方法做了交代。在此基础上,本文第二章介绍了日汉同形异义词的分布情况及其在日语和汉语中的定位和有关先行研究,然后提出了采用共时视角与历时视角相结合的方法研究日汉同形异义词的观点。此外,第二章还针对日汉同形异义词中一些具有代表性的双音节词和单音节词分别进行了个案研究,并通过进一步深入分析提出了自己的看法。首先,笔者认为目前的日汉同形异义词研究能做到的还只有描述意义变化的过程,而无法从分析归纳得到的结果中推导出能够说明意义变化的理论。其次,要探讨意义变化的规律至少需要两个前提,那就是第一要清楚什么是意义,第二要确立描述意义和意义变化的方法。接下来,本文第三章探讨了语言接触和日汉同形异义词研究的关系。像日语和汉语这样难以确立语音对应规则的语言之间有什么语源关系,套用过去的欧洲比较语言学的方法是有限的。应该弄清楚语言接触的机制,但目前只能假设语言接触有阶段性。综上所述,本文通过日汉同形异义词的实例研究分析日汉之间的语言接触情况,得出了日语和汉语中具有共同的概念,而且这个共同概念是相当普遍的这一结论,笔者认为可以假设某种“核心义位”的存在。而要想准确地描述日汉同形异义词在日语和汉语中的意义变化过程,需要日汉之间共通的坐标,也就是需要确立一个具有精密性和普遍性的意义描述的方法。描述意义变化的一个关键是词汇概念结构和生成词汇中的动态视角。这种观点认为应该先有一个“核心义位”,而其他意义和用法都是从核心义位生成的。这是确立意义变化的描述方法时不可缺少的要素之一。以上本文以单个实例研究为基础,对日汉同形异义词研究作了理论上的阐述,并在近代语言学成立至今的语言学中对本研究作了定位,明确了日汉同形异义词研究的意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Japanese and Chinese do not belong to one language family, but there are a lot of words in the same forms between them, of which there are a considerable numbers of homographs. The study in Japanese and Chinese homographs is of great significance in Japanese and Chinese language teaching. In addition, it also involves problems of language contact between Japanese and Chinese, and it’s also of great significance in the research of lexical history, especially in the historical evolution of meaning. The goal of this paper is to find the motivation and patterns in the process of meaning evolution by a comparative study of Japanese and Chinese homographs.In the first chapter, I reviewed the background of Japanese and Chinese homographs and described what is Japanese and Chinese homographs, the signifinance of this study and the present research status, and gave an account of the research materials and methods.On this basis, in the second chapter I described the distribution of Japanese and Chinese homographs and its position in Japanese and Chinese as well as the previous research, and then I presented my point of view to study Japanese and Chinese homographs with a combanation of synchronic and diachronic perspectives. In addition, I also did some case studies of representative two-syllable words and monosyllabic words, and put forward my own views by further in-depth analysis. First of all, I believe that the current studies of Japanese and Chinese homographs can only describe the process of meaning evolution, but can not derive a theory to explain the meaning evolution by summarized results obtained from the analysis. Secondly, exploring the patterns of meaning evolution needs at least two premises, that is, to make it clear that what is the meaning first and second to establish the methods to describe meaning and meaning evolution.Next, in the third chapter, I discusses the relationship between language contact and the study of Chinese and Japanese homographs. To determine the etymological relationship between languages such as Japanese and Chinese, which are difficult to establish the rules of the phonetic correspondence, it is limited to apply the previous method of comparative linguistics in Europe. We should find out the mechanism of language contact, but we can only assume that there are stages of language contact now.In summary, by the research and analysis of the language contact between Japanese and Chinese through case studies of Japanese and Chinese homographs, I obtained the conclusion that the Japanese and Chinese share a common concept,which is quite common. I think we can assume that some kind of "core meaning" exists. And in order to accurately describe the process of the meaning evolution of Japanese and Chinese homographs, we need a common coordinate between Japanese and Chinese, which means to establish a precise and universal method to describe the meaning. A key point in describing the meaning evolution is the dynamic perspective in the lexical conceptual structure and generative lexicon. This view believes that there should be a "core meaning " first, while the other meaning and usage are generated from the core meaning. This is one of the indispensable elements to establish a method to describe the meaning evolution.This paper, which is based on single case studies, explained the study of Japanese and Chinese homographs theoretically, and fixed its position in linguistics since its establishment to present, and made clear the significance of the study of Japanese and Chinese homographs.更多还原