【作者】 李忠；

【导师】 隋旺华；

【作者基本信息】 中国矿业大学 ， 地质工程， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 铁路隧道施工中的水砂混合物突涌灾害是在建铁路隧道施工中常见的一种地质灾害,本文选取了近几年铁路隧道修建中所发生的水砂混合物突涌灾害典型案例,分析其发生发展的规律,与隧道围岩、地质构造、地下水之间的内在联系,认为“物质-构造-动力”是各种水砂混合物突涌灾害最主要的控制因素,并以此为基础,提出了对于水砂混合物突涌灾害的超前预测预报的方法。本文在总结大量铁路隧道围岩中水砂混合物突涌灾害事故的基础上,建立了6种主要水砂混合物突涌灾害的工程地质模式:(1)岩溶地区泥砂混和物突发型特大突涌灾害;(2)富水区隐伏含水构造引发的特大型突水灾害;(3)强风化岩溶地区稳定型特大突涌灾害;(4)富水区非可溶岩石接触界限引发的中型突水灾害;(5)断层破碎带引发的泥砾石型特大突涌灾害;(6)岩溶陷落柱引发的泥砾石型特大突涌灾害。同时发现水砂混合物突涌灾害在许多非可溶性岩地区、地下水并不发育地区也可以发生且规模较大。而在含煤地层下伏的可溶性岩中形成发育的岩溶构造,其岩溶发育速度和强度均远远大于周围没有含煤地层的普通地下水活动区域。本文通过研究水砂混合物突涌灾害的发展过程,提出了铁路隧道围岩中水砂混合物突涌灾害发生的基本条件,认为在自然环境下,只要具备足够储量、足够压力的地下水、丰富的沉积物、通畅的各种成因(构造、风化、岩溶成因)的通道三个基本条件,再加上一定的触发因素(施工、地震等)就可能发生水砂混合物突涌灾害。本文提出水在水砂混合物突涌灾害发生过程中主要有“两个方面的5个作用”:一方面水是水砂混合物突涌灾害中的重要组成部分;另一方面水也是水砂混合物突涌灾害形成空间和突涌通道的主要形成营力;5个作用是:(1)是水砂混合物突涌灾害中碎屑物的主要搬运载体;(2)是水砂混合物突涌灾害主要动力的提供者;(3)是储存水砂突涌混合物和水砂混合物突涌灾害突涌通道的主要形成营力;(4)在岩溶不发育地区或者非可溶性岩地区,是对原有的构造裂隙进行改造和扩展,进而形成一系列的隐伏含水构造的主要物质;(5)是水砂混合物突涌灾害中的主要成分,水的含量也是水砂混合物突涌灾害的分类因素之一。本文在总结施工现场治理水砂混合物突涌灾害成功经验的基础上,提出了铁路隧道施工中的水砂混合物突涌灾害综合治理的“三原则”,即:(1)超前预报与地质工作相结合,探明成因、建立模型;(2)隧道排水与注浆加固相结合,因地制宜、排堵结合;(3)施工监测与质量控制相结合,控制灾害、保证安全。并指出:进行超前地质预报和施工地质工作,摸清主要控制因素,建立工程地质模型,根据现场实际情况,采取适当的治理措施,是铁路隧道施工中防治水砂混合物突涌灾害的合理途径。更多还原

【Abstract】 The water and sand inrush hazard in the construction of railway tunnels is a king of geologic hazard throughout the entire development history of underground construction. In this article, 6 types of the water and sand inrush hazard happened in the construction of the national railway tunnels in recent years are referenced and analyzed in details, and the rules of their generation and development, its inner links with the surrounding rocks, geologic structure, underground water and the special geologic assembles are obtained through the analysis. It also makes a conclusion of the major control factors. The engineering geologic models that are specific to water and sand inrush hazard have been established, and the fundamental control factor for all the water and sand inrush hazards is found to be“matter-structure-force”(namely all the matters, including water and clastics, in the water and sand inrush hazard; the space for the storage of the mixture of water and sand, and the channels for inrush; the force for the water and sand inrush hazard). Based on these researchers, a new approach for the geological forecast of water and sand inrush hazard is put forward, and theoretical foundations for better prevention and control of the water and sand inrush hazard have been laid.There are three major engineering geologic factors for the control of water and sand inrush hazard:○1 the material conditions for the water and sand inrush hazard; besides the detailed description of the traditional soluble rock-limestone and dolostone, researches have also been carried out on calcite cementation sandstone and mudstone. It is pointed out specifically that developed karst structure has formed in the underlying soluble rocks in the coal-measure formation, and the development rate and strength of the karst are much larger than that of the general underground water regions without coal-measure formation. The main inrush matters for the water and sand inrush hazard are divided into exogenetic matters and in-situ matters.②the research on the structural conditions for the water and sand inrush hazard emphasizes on the three foremost geological structures; folded structure, fracture structure and the relations between the primary structural plane and the water and sand inrush hazard. It is pointed out that the geologic structure developed in advance determines the principles of the generation, development and occurrence of the water and sand inrush hazard.③“two aspects and five vital functions”of the underground water in the water and sand inrush hazard were raised, making the water and sand inrush hazard be disguised, sudden and extremely destructive.Through detailed analysis and research of the common cases of water and sand inrush hazards in the surrounding rocks of the major railway tunnels, the engineering geologic models for six common water and sand inrush hazards in the surrounding rocks of the major railway tunnels have been established. On this basis, the“three principles”for comprehensive treatment have been proposed. This requires that we should make clear of the major control factors for the water and sand inrush hazard in the construction of railway tunnels, establish engineering geologic models with all the most advanced geologic forecast measures, including equipments of TSP geologic forecast equipment, SIR geological radar, Infrared Water Detector, horizontal drill and so on, to make lead geologic forecast on the basis of the traditional geologic works in tunnels, and provide theoretical foundations for the management of further construction. Then appropriate management measures should be carried out according to the practical situations in site. That is the optimum approach in case of water and sand inrush hazard in the construction of railway tunnels.更多还原