【作者】 刘宁；

【导师】 侯元兆；

【作者基本信息】 中国林业科学研究院 ， 生态学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 当前我国正处于全面建设小康社会的攻坚阶段,其重点和难点是农村,社会主义新农村建设意义重大。新农村建设涉及到方方面面,现代林业建设是其中的重要内容,对于推进新农村建设具有巨大作用。多年来,林业在改善农村生态环境、促进农村经济发展、扩大就业和促进农民增收方面做出了积极而重大的贡献。经过建国60年来的改革与发展,我国经济社会发展迅猛,已经基本进入工业化中期阶段。但是受城乡二元体制等多种因素的影响,我国城乡发展差距巨大,林业成为弱质产业,林农成为弱势群体。如何尽快摆脱林业资源危机、林业经济危困以及林农贫穷的局面,如何紧紧围绕社会主义新农村建设的总体目标,加速推进传统林业向现代林业转变,着力构建发达的林业生态体系、林业产业体系和林业生态文化体系,建设繁荣的生态文明,增加农民收入,助推农村早日实现全面小康社会,是一个亟待解决的难题。我国地域辽阔,有61.2万个行政村,2859个县级单位,各地自然禀赋差别很大,地区发展很不平衡,现代林业的发展也不够协调,全国采用一刀切的林业政策显然不科学。但是目前我国的林业政策大多是全国统一的,地区差异性体现的不够突出,亟待提出差别性的林业政策,以便指导各地的现代林业发展。本文的理论框架设计思路:首先根据区域差异论研究我国各地区区域经济的差异点,进而初步确定区域差异调控的途径,即重点扶持欠发达区域经济发展,一般支持发达地区经济的继续发展,并积极促进发达区域与欠发达区域增强经济联系,发挥发达区域对欠发达区域的带动作用;然后根据林业经济区划的理论,对全国县级单位进行分类;接着根据区域产业布局理论设计了不同地区的林业生产布局。其中包含三个方面的布局:林业生态体系布局、林业产业体系布局、林业生态文化布局;最后给出每个地区的区域政策。主要是区域的经济政策,其中包括林业的公共财政政策、林业的金融支持政策等,还有区域的科技政策、人才政策等。本研究按照分类指导的思路,以县域林业为研究对象,以2006年县域农民人均纯收入为主要分类指标,将全国的县级单位划分为五类地区:发达地区、相对发达地区、中等发展地区、相对滞后地区和滞后地区,通过剖析五类地区区域经济的差异性、林业建设取得的经验、今后现代林业建设面临的困难等,从而研究出适合不同地区的林业政策。本论文研究意义重大:第一,有利于国家根据不同地区现代林业的特点调整宏观政策,将有限的资源科学配置给不同地区,为国家从宏观上制定相应可行的林业政策具有重要的理论依据。第二,有利于不同地区根据本地特点采取可操作性的林业政策,因地制宜发展现代林业,推进新农村建设全面小康社会。本文研究出了五类地区在林业生态体系、林业产业体系、林业生态文化体系的不同布局,还提出财政、金融、科技、人才等方面相应的保障措施,现列举几个重要结论。主要结论之一:从林业生态体系的布局看第一,发达地区。该地区多地处沿海地带,其主要的生态建设任务是:以沿海防护林建设工程为重点,夯实万里海疆的绿色屏障。第二,相对发达地区。该地区主要分布在大中城市郊区,其主要任务是:以城乡一体化林业生态建设为重点,城乡统筹建设和谐林业。第三,中等发展地区。该地区主要集中在我国的粮食主产区,其主要任务是:以保护基本农田的林业工程为重点加强林业生态建设,构筑农业稳产高产的生态安全屏障。第四,相对滞后地区。该地区主要分布在中西部生态脆弱的地区。其主要任务是:以国家林业重点工程为重点,扶持构建完备的林业生态体系。第五,滞后地区。该地区主要分布在中西部老、少、边、库区,尤其以水源区居多。其主要任务是:以重点水源区的林业建设为重点,加大对生态建设的扶持力度。主要结论之二:从林业产业体系的布局看第一,发达地区发展林业产业的思路是:以优化提升林业产业结构为重点,努力打造新型林业产业格局。第二,相对发达地区发展林业产业的思路是:以林产品加工业为重点,打造林业特色产业集群,加快高效益林业产业体系建设。第三,中等发展地区发展林业产业的思路是:以商品林基地建设为重点,全面发展林业产业,增加国内林产品后备资源储备。第四,相对滞后地区发展林业产业的思路是:以木本粮油为重点,建设“名、优、新”的特色林业产业体系。第五,滞后地区发展林业产业的思路是:以生态旅游为扶持重点,全面提升林业产业对新农村的贡献率。主要结论之三:从林业生态文化体系的布局看第一,发达地区。其思路是:以加强生态文化体系的基础研究为重点,夯实林业生态文化体系的基石。第二,相对发达地区。其思路是:以生态文化创意产业为重点,打造林业生态文化品牌体系。第三,中等发展地区。其思路是:以提升生态文化产业层次为重点,形成具有鲜明地区特色的生态文化产业群。第四,相对滞后地区。其思路是:以加强生态文化体系的保障能力为重点,扶持构建新农村生态文化体系。第五,滞后地区。其思路是:以抢救保护与科学开发相结合为重点,扶持构建具有民族特色的生态文化体系。主要结论之四:从公共财政政策和政府林业投入的角度看总体上说,我国要建立以公共财政为主的多元化林业投入长效机制,加大国家公共财政的投入力度,提高政府对林业的投资水平,促进林业的可持续和快速发展。基于地区的不同区情,中央财政和地方财政所起的作用有所不同,应对各个地区实行差别性的公共财政政策,中央财政的扶持力度从高到低依次是:滞后地区、相对滞后地区、中等发展地区、相对发达地区、发达地区。五类地区具体的公共财政政策与政府林业投入建议:第一,发达地区。中央政府要按照“放活”的原则,对该地区林业改革与发展的先行先试给予投入上的大力支持。地方政府要大幅度加大对林业的投入,逐步建立与本级财政相适应的,与其他行业协调发展的,支持林业现代化早日实现的林业投入体系。第二,相对发达地区:国家要按照“放活”和“少取”的原则,对该地区城乡统筹建设现代林业给予投入上的大力支持。地方政府要大幅度加大对林业的投入,积极调整财政的城乡支出结构,逐步建立支持城乡一体化林业发展的林业投入体系。第三,中等发展地区。国家要按照“少取”和“多予”的原则,逐步增加中央财政的投入。地方政府要在国家适当扶持的基础上,着力增加对林业的投入,努力建立以公共财政为主的多元化投入机制。第四,相对滞后地区。国家应按照“少取”和“多予”的原则,大幅度加大对该地区林业建设的投入力度,地方政府也要积极增加对林业的投入,逐步构建完善的林业支持保护体系。第五,滞后地区。国家应当按照“多予”的原则,结合扶贫工程,大幅度加大对该地区林业建设的投入力度,地方政府也要努力增加对林业的投入,逐步构建助推林业发展和林农脱贫致富的林业投入体系。本文的创新点:1)林业经济区划创新。本文没有沿袭传统的自然区划或林业区划,创造性地按照农民收入对全国县级单位分类,这样有利于研究在现代林业建设中的林农增收问题。2)林业生产布局创新。有别于传统地按照林种来布局林业生产的方式,本文按照林业生态体系、林业产业建设和林业生态文化体系进行布局。3)林业区域政策创新。创造性地提出不同区域的差异性的林业政策,尤其是指出中央政府对各类地区现代林业建设的不同支持力度和支持重点,有利于国家将有限的资源进行科学配置,为政府制定宏观政策提供理论参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Our country is in the crucial stage of building a well-off society in an all-round way. To construct the well-off society, the key and the difficulty is the countryside. So the construction of new socialist countryside is of great significance. The new rural construction involves many aspects, and modern forestry construction is an important part of it. For many years, the forestry has made an important contribution to improve rural ecological environment.After 60 years’developing, with the rapid development of economy and society in China, from the overall view, China has entered the mid-term stage of industrialization when the industry finances agriculture and the city promotes the countryside. Under the traditional urban-rural dual system for many years, the urban-rural disparity is more and more large. Forestry becomes a weak industry and foresters become the vulnerable group. It is urgent to solve that how to break away from recoverable resources crisis and economic depression, how to turn the traditional forestry to the modern forestry, how to build developed conservation culture, how to increase farmers’income and how to achieve an all-round well-to-do society in the countryside as soon as possible.China has large territory and has 61.2 ten thousand administrative villages and 2859 counties. The difference of natural endowments is very big and district development is not balanced, so it is obviously not scientific that adopting unified forestry policies. But most forestry policies in China are unified and they should not incarnate the difference of many areas. In order to carry out classification guidance to modern forestry, it is imperative to study different forestry policy for all kinds of regions.Following the thinking that coordinative development of urban and rural areas and classification guidance, we regard county economy as the object of study and take per capita net income of farmers as the standard. Then all counties in China are divided to five types of regions:developed regions, relative developed regions, medium developed regions, less developed regions and undeveloped regions. By analyzing the difference of many regions, experience and lesson achieved from construction in forestry, we have developed different forestry policie fit for many types of region.The study is of great importance: Firstly, it is beneficial for the Chinese government to adjust timely macro-economic policy according to the difference of regions and disposal of resource scientifically. Secondly, it is beneficial for local government to adopt operational forestry policies and tailor measures to suit local conditions. This paper has work out allocation in forestry ecosystem, forestry industrial system and ecological culture system. In addition, we bring forward some feasible measures in finances, science and technology, talented person and so on. Here are some important conclusions.1. Layout of forestry ecosystem1)In developed regions:This region is mainly located in the coastal areas, so it should focus on the coastal shelterbelts project. 2)About relative developed regions:This region is mainly located in suburbs of large and medium-sized cities, so it should focus on forestry ecology construction of urban-rural integration. 3)About midium developed regions: This region is mainly located in midlands where major grain producing areas lie in, so it should focus on keywords forestry engineering for protection of basic farmland. 4)About less developed regions: This region is mainly located in ecological friable areas of the West and the midlands, so it should focus on National Key Forestry Programs to build strong forestry ecosystem. 5)About undeveloped regions: This region is mainly located in the old, sparse, frontier, and poor mountain areas, so it should focus on forestry engineering of the key water source area, and at the same time it should alleviate poverty and become prosperous.2. Layout of forestry industrial system1)In developed regions:This region should focus on promote forestry industrial structure and building lots of modern forestry demonstration areas. 2)About relative developed regions:This region should focus on processing industry of forest product and building forest industry cluster with local features. 3)About Midium developed regions:This region should focus on construction of commercial forest bases and building forest industrial belt. 4)About less developed regions:This region should focus on woody food industry and forest biomass energy industry. 5)About Undeveloped regions:This region should focus on ecotourism.3. Layout of forestry ecological culture system1)In developed regions:The region should focus on strengthening the research and education of ecological culture system and lay a solid foundation of forestry ecological culture system. 2)About relative developed regions:This region should focus on creative industries development for ecological culture and build brands system of forestry ecological culture. 3)About midium developed regions:This region should focus on raising the level of ecological culture industries and form industrial clusters of ecological culture with regional characteristics. 4)About less developed regions:This region should focus on strengthening the support ability of ecological culture system and build ecological culture system of new rural construction with the help of government. 5)About undeveloped regions:This region should focus on salvation and protection and exploiting scientifically to combine together. And it should form ecological culture system with ethnic flavor under supporting.4. Financial support to forestryOn the whole,China should work out financial policies which focus on public finance and depend on the mutil-way social investment to support the construction of forestry. The government should increase input of public finance for forestry. Because of regional difference, the government should adopt different forestry policies. Ranking the central government’s support, from higher to lower: undeveloped regions, less developed regions, medium developed regions, relative developed regions and developed regions. 1)In developed regions:According to principles of“allowing flexibility”, the central government shoule provide strong support for the first to test forestry reform. The local government should increase forestry construction significantly. 2)About relative developed regions:According to principles of“requiring less”and“allowing flexibility”, the central government shoule provide strong support for over-all forestry development in the urban and rural areas. The local government should increase forestry construction significantly and the structure of local fiscal expenditure shoud be adjusted. 3)About midium developed regions:According to principles of“requiring less”and“giving more”, the central government shoule provide support for forestry. The local government should increase forestry construction. 4)About less developed regions:According to principles of“requiring less”and“giving more”, the central government shoule provide strong support for forestry. The local government should increase forestry construction actively. A perfect system of the forestry support protection shoule be consummated. 5)About undeveloped regions:According to principles of“giving more”, coupled with anti-poverty projects, the central government shoule provide strong support for forestry. The local government should increase forestry construction. the goal of promoting the development of forestry and assisting farmers to shake off poverty will be realized.Innovations:Firstly, the innovation of forestry economic regionalization. Secondly, the innovation of forestry productivity layout. Thirdly, the innovation of differential regional policy of forestry.更多还原