社会主义社会宗教适应问题研究

【作者】 答小群；

【导师】 牟钟鉴； 刘成有；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 宗教学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 宗教与社会主义的关系问题,早在马克思主义经典作家那里就已提出。在他们那里,宗教作为一种意识形态,是与社会主义意识形态相对立的旧的社会制度下的产物。在宗教与社会主义关系的具体实践中,苏联曾犯了严重的错误,而中国宗教的发展也走了一段异常曲折的道路。上世纪90年代,中央提出了“积极引导宗教与社会主义社会相适应”论题。这一论题的提出,摆脱了宗教与社会主义在意识形态上的对立,破解了宗教与社会主义关系的难题,说明在政治上相互团结、信仰上相互尊重的前提下,宗教不仅可能而且也完全能够做到与社会主义社会相适应。“积极引导宗教与社会主义社会相适应”提出的近二十年里,政界、学界、宗教界从各个角度进行论证,内容涉及相适应的必然性、理论依据,相适应的特性、规律,相适应的内涵与途径等诸多方面。在时贤研究的基础上,本论文试图从宗教社会学、宗教文化生态等视角,阐述中国社会主义社会的宗教适应问题。论文共分为五章。第一章,宗教适应社会的理论分析。主要分析宗教适应社会的共时性现象。从探讨宗教的本质入手,说明其社会属性,在宗教信仰与宗教体制间的矛盾运动中,阐明宗教适应社会的必然性。由宗教自身结构与社会结构的多层次性,分析宗教适应社会的多层次性,主要以宗教适应社会的变动分析为主。再由社会结构变化的动态复杂性说明宗教适应社会的动态复杂性及宗教文化生态的动态演替。第二章,宗教适应中国传统社会的历史考察。考察当代宗教的状况离不开对传统宗教的考察,论文以中国传统社会中的宗教适应为过渡,简要概括宗教适应中国传统社会的若干特征,阐述中国传统社会宗教文化生态的多元通和模式,并对中西宗教文化生态进行略比。第三章,建国初期三十年宗教与中国社会主义社会的曲折适应。主要阐明社会主义、宗教与社会主义社会关系理论的缘起及在苏联的实践,中国社会主义社会的初步建设及其伴生下的宗教制度改革,马克思主义宗教理论在中国的发展及曲折实践,相应时期中国宗教文化生态的状况,并对此期宗教与社会的适应关系进行若干反思。第四章,改革开放三十年宗教与中国社会主义社会的稳进适应。主要阐明中国社会主义社会的新发展及社会转型状况,宗教应对社会转型发生的适应性变化,马克思主义宗教理论在中国的新发展及实践。在宗教适应社会的基础上,分析当代中国宗教文化生态的重建及影响宗教文化生态平衡的若干因素。第五章,宗教适应中国社会主义社会之战略思考。阐述中国宗教应对未来社会发展应采取的若干适应性举措,政府宗教管理的未来发展方向及固本化外、多元通和的中国宗教文化生态安全方略。当前,中国在经济社会发展的同时,也在致力于建设中华民族共有精神家园。世界的发展离不开文化生态的良性发展,摒弃非此即彼的二元对立思想、文化霸权主义,坚持相互尊重、和而不同的观点,倡导文化间的沟通与理解,那么,人类文化必将呈现出百家争鸣、百花齐放的样态。总结过去,展望未来,中国传统宗教文化的多元通和生态模式可为未来人类文化的交流提供有益启示。更多还原

【Abstract】 The relationship between religions and socialist society was proposed as early as the age of Marxism classical writers. In their opinion, religion as an ideology is creature of the age corresponded to the old society. Soviet Union had once made the serious mistakes in the practice on the issue of the relationship between religions and socialist society, and the Chinese religion’s development also traveled a tortuous road. In the 1990s, the Chinese Government put forward the idea of "actively guiding religions to adaptation themselves to the socialist society". This idea got rid of the antithesis in the ideological domain, solved the difficult problem of the relationship between religions and socialist society and showed that religions can adapt themselves to the society on the basis of mutual respect in belief and politics corporately. Nearly two decades, political circles, academic world and religious circles launch argument from various perspectives about this issue. Its contents involve the inevitability, characteristic, connotation and ways of adaptation, etc. This thesis tries to elaborate the question of religious adaptation in socialist society from the perspective of religious sociology and religious ecology on the basis of the previous researches.There are five chapters in this thesis, and the main contents are as follows. The first chapter is about the theoretical analysis of social adaptation of religion from synchronic phenomenon, explaining the nature of religion, social attribute, inevitability of social adaptation, multilevel nature, dynamic complexity, and dynamic succession of religious culture ecology. The second chapter is about the social adaptation of religion in traditional Chinese society, elaborating briefly on the adaptive characteristics and unity & diversity of religious culture ecology. And at the same time, the author compares with modes between Chinese and western religious culture ecology in outline. In the third chapter, the thesis talks about winding adaptation between religions and socialist society in the thirty years since the founding of new China. Its contents involve the origins of the theory of relationship between religions and socialist society, the practice of the theory in Soviet Union, the religious adaptation to the preliminary development of socialist society in China, the development of Marxism religion theory in China and its winding practice, religious culture ecology, and reflection the relationship between the religions and socialist society. The fourth chapter is about religious adaptation to socialist society in China steadily after carrying out the reform and opening-up policy, mainly elaborating the social changes and religious adaptation, the new development of Marxism religion theory in China, and the factors that influence the equilibrium of religious culture ecology. In the fifth chapter, the author expounds the strategy of religious adaptation to socialist society in China in the future. It includes the adaptive measures of religion, the practice of the government’s religious policy, and advocating unity & diversity of religious culture ecology, dealing with the relationship harmoniously between native cultures and foreign cultures.Nowadays, while working to expand our economy, we continue to promote Chinese culture and build the common spiritual home for the Chinese nation, to keep its national character and reflect changes of the times. The development of the world cannot be done without sound development of the culture ecology. We should discard dichotomy and cultural hegemonism, count with each other and keep harmony but not sameness. Thus, the culture will present a picture of "letting a hundred flowers bloom, a hundred schools of thought contend". Reviewing the past and looking forward to the future, we can gain a good deal of enlightenment from the mode of unity & diversity of religious culture ecology.更多还原