锡伯族文化探微

【作者】 李云霞；

【导师】 赵展；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 民族学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 锡伯族是一个人口相对较少的民族,由于历史的原因,长期分居于东北和新疆。这种居住格局,形成了不同地域锡伯族风俗的差异与多样性,反映出锡伯族的文化多样性。本文选择了三个有代表性的田野调查地点作为研究对象,历史与现实并重,在历时一年多实地田野调查的基础上,通过对锡伯族文化进行共时性与历时性的分析和比较,探讨和研究当今多元文化并存、共建和谐社会时代背景下的锡伯族文化。以民族学人类学的视角,透过他们的社会、历史与文化记忆来阐释锡伯族文化,从而进一步探讨锡伯族成员个体的文化选择与个人及整体锡伯族文化命运的关系,最终揭示出锡伯族文化所具有的丰富内涵,为民族文化的可持续发展、以及人类文化多样性提供文化建设上的启迪。目的在于强调人的现代化和促进锡伯族文化健康持续地发展,以及民族文化的传承。尤其值得我们思考的是,在全球化的时代背景下,锡伯族文化如何在保持自已特色的同时,得到传承和发展。本文首置绪论,尾置结语,正文共分八章：绪论部分,介绍选题的缘由和意义,相关研究动态,本研究的基本理论和应用的方法,关于田野调查地点的选择和说明,及全篇论文的基本思路和框架设计。第一章介绍现今锡伯族的分布与居住格局。重点介绍辽宁和新疆两大锡伯族聚居地的历史沿革与概况,以及民族迁徙史。第二章介绍锡伯族的经济生活。主要介绍锡伯族的传统生计方式与主要经济活动,以及现代锡伯族经济的发展和生产生活方式的变迁。第三章介绍锡伯族的社会组织与家族制度。传统的哈拉穆昆制与、八旗制度的紧密结合是锡伯族独特的社会组织形式。锡伯族的社会组织、家庭与家族制度同样体现在其家谱文化之中。第四章介绍锡伯族的语言和文字。从锡伯语的源流,满文到锡伯文的演变,以及对现代锡伯语中借词的研究,透视出族际接触与语言的变迁。第五章是对不同地域锡伯族风俗的差异与多样性的描述。由于历史和地理的原因,居住在不同地域的锡伯族在饮食、居住、服饰、以及婚姻与丧葬等方面形成了各具特色的民族习俗,由此也体现了锡伯族的文化多样性。第六章介绍锡伯族的民间文化。无论是在锡伯族的老家东北,还是新疆,锡伯族民间都蕴藏着深厚的民族文化底蕴和丰富的民族文化资源。从民歌、民间故事、念说,到民间音乐、舞蹈,民族传统体育及娱乐休闲活动,等等,锡伯族文化异彩纷呈,源远流长,这些都是弘扬锡伯族文化的良好根基。这一章中我们还将看到锡伯族独具特色的节日文化,从特有的抹黑节、泼水节到西迁节,以及大众化节日里独特的民族习俗,都展示出锡伯族文化的丰富内涵。第七章展示锡伯人的信仰世界。从他们对祖先的崇拜,到他们的原始信仰——萨满教,再到他们神圣的精神空间——锡伯家庙进行诠释,反映出在新时代背景下,锡伯人信仰意识已经渐渐地淡化。但是,唯有对自己祖先的崇拜却从未动摇过,一直占据着锡伯人的精神世界。同时,锡伯家庙在锡伯人的心中犹如“圣地”般依然神圣。第八章介绍在传统与现代之间——都市中的锡伯族。本章是为了与锡伯族聚居的农村社区作对比研究的需要,特意选取了近年来全国各地锡伯族移居最多的城市——北京市作为城市散杂居的锡伯族社区,锡伯族新的移民群体在这个国际化的大都市中的生存策略及其与其他民族的互动关系,以及这些“新锡伯人”的文化选择。结语部分,是笔者对锡伯族文化及其文化命运的整体思考。论述了锡伯族文化所具有的丰富内涵,指出锡伯族文化具有传承性、变异性、封闭性、开放性与适应性、地域性与差异性的特点。强调在多元文化背景下保持锡伯族的文化特色,传承和发展锡伯族文化的重要意义,以及如何传承和发展锡伯族文化的问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 Historically, as a relatively minor ethnic group, the people of Xibo nationality have long been living apart in Northeast and Xinjiang. Such a residence pattern has formed the diversities for different dwellers, mirroring the cultural varieties of the people.Chronically and realistically, the text takes three typical fields as the subjects investigated after one year’s research and probes into the culture of the Xibo ethnic minority group based on the co-existence and the co-sourcing of the harmonious society which stems from the analysis and comparison both synchronic and diachronic. From the angle of ethnology and anthropology, the text illustrates its culture by the group’s society, history and culture memories on which to treat with the individual cultural election and the relationship between the individuals and the whole ethnic group’s fortunes, and finally reveals the rich contents of its culture. And because of this, it provides some clues to the sustainable development of the nationalistic culture as well as the diversities of the human cultures. The aim is to stress the healthy and persistent progress of man’s modernization and the Xibo culture with its heritage. What is worthy of thinking is how the Xibo culture under the background of the globalization can retain its features in the inheritance and development.The dissertation is divided into eight chapters:the preface, the epilogue and the main body.The preface introduces the reasons and senses of the selected topics with its correlation studies, elementary theories and means of application, not exclusive of the selection and illustrations of the field study spots, as well as basic clues and the framing plan of the whole work.Chapter One introduces the distribution and residential modes of the people, with highlights on the historical evolution and general aspect of the two societies, and also their migration history. Chapter two introduces the economic life of the group. It tells the traditional means of livelihood and the vicissitudes of the expanding economy and the production mode of life.Chapter three introduces the social organizations and the clan regime. The tight coupling of Halamukun and the Eight Banner System is the fabric of the peculiar Xibo societies. Its organism, family and clan regime are embodied in the culture of family trees.Chapter Four analyses its tongue and writing. From the source of the Sibe tongue with its evolution from Manchurian to the Manju gisun backed by the studies about the borrowed vocabulary, the clan-contacts and the changes of the language offer a perspective view.Chapter five describes the differences and diversities of the customs in Xibo nationalities. Due to the reasons of history and geography, different Xibo people have formed their own conventions in such aspects as diets, residences, habiliment, matrimony and funeral ceremony, thus incarnating the multiplicities of the group.Chapter Six brings into view the folk culture. Whether in the native Northeast China or in Xinjiang, the ethnic group hold in store profound national cultures and prolific cultural resources. Such items as ballads, folklores, meditative equanimities, folk music, dancing arts, traditional athletics and creations are all a strange burst of color by its long standing, which is a well-defined foundation for the people’s culture. The chapter also introduces the festivities, e.g. Discredit Festival, Water-splashing Festival and West-Migration Festival, not exclusive of other unique rites, all of which exhibit the rich connotations.Chapter seven introduces the Xibo that locates between the traditions and the modern times. To meet the needs of comparative studies about the communities, the chapter goes out of the way to choose Beijing the most populous city dwelt by the Xibo race as the scattered living place where the new immigrants are interacting in the international metropolis for their survival strategies and also for their cultural elections from the "newcomers".Chapter Eight shows the inner world of belief-from the worship to the ancestors to that of barbarism-from Shamanism to the holy space of spirit, the Xibo family temple is annotated along the lines of gradual thinning convicted consciousness at the new age. However, the ancestral worship is the only factor that has never been tottered in the metal world of the people. At the same time, the Xibo family temple is still their Holy Lands.The epilogue part is the whole reflection over the Xibo culture and its fortune. It expounds the rich contents of the Xibo culture by the indication of the heritance, variability, closeness, openness, adaptabilities, regionalism and diversities. And it also emphasizes the cultural characteristics in the multi-cultural background with the significance of its heritage and progress, as well as the development of the culture.更多还原