超越高墙的秩序

【作者】 宋立军；

【导师】 陈长平；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 人类学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 在神秘的面纱笼罩下,中国监狱秩序是何形态?许多“大墙”文学艺术作品给我们提供了一些答案。虽说不能否认它们的价值,但是我们却不能以此种方式来理解监狱秩序。对于监狱秩序问题的研究,以往大多数学者多持上层建筑政治意识形态视角,却少兼从监狱职员与服刑者情境互动角度考察。本文作者曾在监狱工作九年余,为完成本研究又在狱中进行了为期六个月的人类学田野调查,采用参与观察及深度访谈等方法,搜集大量一手资料。本研究将主位与客位相结合,侧重倾听当事人(监狱职员及服刑者)的声音,因为他们的观点或许能印证或证伪人们对监狱秩序的某些“刻板印象”。研究的主要内容：1.监狱简况。介绍劳改队、监狱、看守所与劳教所的区别；介绍监狱的定义、特性、特征,介绍公众视角下的监狱形象；介绍中国监狱的沿革、监狱运行系统等。2.监狱秩序的主体——监狱职员和服刑者。通过对监狱职员称呼、来源、职责任务、职业危险性、工作辛苦程度、社会地位等方面进行介绍,使读者对监狱职员群体有一个整体的认识；通过对服刑者称呼、构成及生存之难等方面的介绍,使读者初步了解服刑者群体的概况。3.秩序的阶序性权威。就监狱职员层面讲,“上边”与“下边”、“官”与“民”的区分观念,为权威的树立与巩固提供了观念基础；就服刑者层面讲,阶序性权威也十分显明；就监狱职员与服刑者间关系层面讲,一方面在观念上强调“警囚界限”,另一方面亦配合相当的技术,以保证权威不被动摇。4.秩序的空间规则。主要包括监狱空间物态形式、空间安排、空间感受、空间超越等项内容。5.秩序的时间规则。主要描写服刑者一日生活、一周行事规律,每月特殊日期、每年佳节、监禁生涯节点等,以此来反映由时间规则所建构的秩序。6.秩序的成文规则及分。该部分简要介绍了监狱成文规则的情况,重点介绍考核“分”的功能。7.日常交往秩序中的活规则。该部分主要介绍了服刑者的自我保护,服刑者间的互惠交换,服刑者间的交往技巧,服刑者与职员间的交往策略,服刑者作为弱者如何抗争,监狱职员作为强者如何变得温柔。我们会从中发现,“活法”乃生活的智慧之源。8.省思秩序。主要探讨三个问题：(1)如何超越高墙来理解监狱秩序问题?(2)为何要对“有序即秩序”的常识进行批判?(3)如何考察秩序?本研究的主要观点：监狱同任何社会一样,都必须有一套良性运作的秩序体系。这套秩序体系必须由上层建筑政治意识形态与各种秩序主体的情境互动共同来维持。因而,在考察监狱秩序时不可偏执于一端。本研究还认为,反思“有序即秩序”的常识将有利于认识监狱秩序的本质。本研究还表明,规则、人性与人情是传统乡土文化秩序的根基,监狱秩序也不例外。本研究的创新之处：在内容上,重新将监狱纳入社会/人类学的研究范畴,扩大了秩序研究的领域；在方法论上,本研究将主位(Emic)与客位(Etic)研究相结合,弥补了以往诸多相关研究的不足；在成果撰写上,采用民族志书写方式,在国内监狱研究中尚不多见。更多还原

【Abstract】 What will the form of Chinese prison order be like in the mysterious veil? Many so-called ’Big Wall’ literary and artistic works have provided us some answers. Its value for studying prison order can not be denied. Yet it seems that we cannot understand the order in prisons in that way.Most scholars insist that when we study prison order, it is very important to comply with the political superstructure ideology. They seldom realize that this study also have to be from the perspective of situational interaction between staff and inmates.The author of this dissertation has been working in prison for nine years, and an anthropological fieldwork lasting six months has been carried out in prison. A large number of first-hand information has been collected through participant observation and in-depth interviews and other methods. By combining emic and etic research, The present author focus on listening the voice of party concerned, i.e. the prison staff and inmates, because their point of view may be able to prove or deny some’stereotype’ of prison order.The main contents of this study cover the following eight points:1. Brief introduction of prison. Introduce the difference of reform-through-labor institution, prison, detention house and educated-through-labor institution. Introduce the doctrinal definition, characteristics and features of the prison, and describe the prison image in the public. Let the readers know that the evolution of Chinese prisons and their operating system, etc.2. The main body of prison order---staff and prisoner. Readers may have an overall understanding to prison staff group through an introduction to their addressing, constitution, responsibility, occupational risks, work hard level, social status and so on. And readers may have a primary knowledge of inmates group by describing their addressing, source, difficulty of survival.3. Hierarchical authority of order. As far as the prison staff is concerned, the ideology of distinction between ’top’ and ’bottom’,’leaders’ and ’ordinary staff’ provides a basic sense of authority building and consolidating. In terms of inmates the hierarchical authority is also obvious. As for the relationship between staff and prisoner, on one hand it is needed to emphasize the concept of’boundaries between staff and inmate’, ion the other hand it needs to be equipped with some fairy good technology in order to secure the authority.4. Spatial rules of order. This part includes contents like the form of prison space, spatial arrangement, spatial experience, beyond space and other items.5. Time rules of order. It is described that inmate’s daily life, routine activity in a week, monthly special date, an annual festival, nodes of imprisonment for life,and so on in order to reflect the order constructed by the time rules.6. Written rules of order and marks. This section briefly introduces the written rules of the prison, focusing on the function of assessing’marks’7. Living rules of the daily interaction order. This section introduces the self-protection of prisoners, mutual-benefit exchange among prisoners, communicating strategy between prisoner and staff. As a weaker, how the prisoner resists. As a strong, how the prison staff becomes tender. It is found that’Living way’ is indeed the source of wisdom in life.8. Order of reflection. Three issues are focused on here. They are:1) How to understand the problem of order beyond the prison walls? 2) Why must criticize the common sense of’ordered is order’? 3) How to investigate the order?The main point of this study:Prison, as any society, it is required to have a healthily order system to run. This order system is supported by the political superstructure ideology and situation interaction between the main bodies of order. Thus, it is not good to go any one extreme. It is found that common sense of reflecting on’ordered is order’would help understand the essence of prison order. This study also shows that the rules, human nature and renqing (the Chinese people’s characteristics of stressing personal relations) are the foundation of the traditional order of the Chinese local culture. The prison order seems to be no exception too.The innovation of this study:From content speaking, the research field of order has been enlarged to some extent to re-incorporate the prison into social or anthropological areas. And in methodology, a combination of the emic study and etic study may make up for some shortcomings from many related research in the past. As for the writing style, readers are provided with an ethnographical works, which practice seems to be rare seen in research area of domestic prison.更多还原