隐藏在记忆里的文化符号

【作者】 麻三山；

【导师】 祁庆富；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 民族学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 非物质文化遗产是人类伟大智慧的结晶,是人类宝贵的精神财富。苗族历史悠久,是中华民族的重要成员之一,在几千年的发展过程中,创造了光辉灿烂的文化,包括许多非物质文化遗产。这些遗产内涵丰富,是人类智慧的凝聚,体现出生生不息的生命力,不仅是苗族的财富,也是中华民族共同的伟大财富。然而,一些文化因内涵深奥而不为人所知,巴代文化就是其中之一。“巴代”是苗族的祭师,也就是外部族群通常所说的“巫师”。由于远古时期客观条件的限制,人们对自然、人和社会的认识有局限性,反映在巴代文化上,不免带有难以理喻的色彩。然而,巴代文化有其独特内涵和深层含义,有待人们去发掘,去揭示。古往今来,被外部族群描绘为“巫”的“巴代”,在苗乡不仅没有被当成“巫”而遭受鄙视,反而享有极高声望。在苗乡的现实生活中,经常闪现“巴代”的影子。无论是个人生老病死等关键时刻,还是重大民族活动的盛大场合,“巴代”都彰显出其深刻影响。巴代文化通过无数代人“口传心授”,严密传承,亘古不变,自成体系,源远流长。苗族历史悠久,但无文字,在这种特殊的社会语境里,巴代文化成为连接苗族过去、现在和未来的一条纽带,成为苗族几千年历史发展的一个亮点,成为解开苗族历史发展之谜的关键密码。象征理论认为,象征是表达意义的一种方式,具有“超越性”、隐喻性、深层性,其所承载的意义远远超过载体本身。非物质文化具有多样性,被不同地区和人群赋予特殊的内涵及表现形式。在我国,很多民族,特别是无文字少数民族,这一点表现得尤为突出,必须从非常规的角度进行考虑。巴代的特殊威望、技能、传承特点等种种迹象表明,巴代文化的意义已远远超出其载体本身,背后隐藏着更为深刻的涵义。背景变换,文化意义也随之变化。而在全球化背景下,巴代文化所催生的意义、蕴含价值、潜力及如何推动发展等,很少为人们所关注,亟待人们去探究。带着这些问题,笔者从非物质文化遗产的视角出发,以民族学、人类学、历史学、考古学、艺术学、语言学、宗教人类学、哲学、遗产保护学、人文地理学等学科理论为基础,以西方符号象征理论、阐释理论为重要手段,通过文献法、实地调查法等,对巴代文化进行全面深入的研究,以期系统深刻地阐释出巴代文化的真正内涵。本文认为,巴代文化是一种特殊的文化表现形式,需要重新审视；巴代文化本身不是非物质文化遗产,但包含许多非物质文化遗产要素,其文化资本储量丰厚,是无形的文化资源宝库,其价值不可估量,保护意义重大。巴代文化的核心内涵是追求安乐和谐,实质是一种积极的精神激励。巴代文化能在过去发挥巨大作用,势必也能在现代和未来发挥潜能；发展就是最好的保护,提高其活力,发掘其潜能,使其融入现代、服务和谐,才是长久之计。第一部分包括导言、第一章、第二章和第三章,主要介绍巴代文化的状况。其中导言概述了选题的原因和意义；第一章介绍相关背景、巴代文化的内涵和两大体系；第二章、第三章则分别介绍两大体系——“巴代雄”和“巴代札”的具体仪式和相关情况。第二部分为第四章,着重分析巴代文化的特点,其传承、源流等。第三部分为第五章,其核心是对巴代系统各个层次进行详尽的阐释,如法器阐释、坛的阐释、祭祀对象阐释、活动阐释等。第四部分为第六章,从更广阔的语境、从整体上对巴代的深层精神内涵进行阐释。第五部分包括第七章、第八章,反思濒危状况,探究巴代文化在现代背景中催生的新意义,发掘其潜能,寻求其服务现代的途径。笔者期望通过“巴代”研究引起人们对不同地区或人群的文化表现形式的关注,通过对其特殊性、差异性的探讨,发掘传统文化的发展潜能,深化人们对文化深层内涵的认识,从而更好地保护人类特定族群的精神财富,为推动和谐社会发展做出贡献。更多还原

【Abstract】 Intangible cultural heritage is human’s great wisdom and spiritual wealth. As indispensable part of the Chinese nation, Miao creates brilliant culture in the past thousands of years, including huge intangible cultural heritage. Rich in connotations, it carries human’s intelligence, everlasting vitality and is seen as the national shared wealth. However, most of it is unknown owing to its profundity, Badai culture is just one case in point.Badai is the Miao Priest, known by other groups as so-called "witch", inevitably viewed as superstition by people who have shallow perception on nature, man and society due to limited objective conditions in ancient times, and then its unique connotations and significance are unrevealed.By now, Badai in Miao areas enjoys a pretty high prestige rather than despise though it is described as "witch". It shows up everywhere in Miao villages at an individual’s critical moments concerning being born, sick, or dead, not let alone splendid national events. Badai culture has run for history long via countless generations’"oral lecturing, rote learning"; it is self-contained, extensive and profound. In the special no written records context, Badai culture serves as a bond getting through Miao’s history as well as the key to unlock the mystery of its development.Symbolic Theory applies symbol to express, which is characteristic of "transcendence", metaphor and depth, carrying significance far beyond being the carrier itself. Intangible culture, especially that of China’s minorities’, calls for unconventional review as there is no written records. Badai’s prestige, skills, inheriting features and the like, show its significance is far beyond being the carrier itself, more connotations hide behind. As culture connotation changes with background, how to promote Badai culture on its newly evolved meanings, value and potential in the globalization context remains an untouched field that requires research.With the questions in mind, the author takes the perspective of intangible cultural heritage, uses the theories of ethnology, anthropology, history, archaeology, art, linguistics, religion, philosophy, heritage protection science, human geography, applies the methodology of Symbolic Theory and Interpretation Theory, adopts the approaches of literature documenting, field survey, thus conducts a systematic study on Badai culture for an overall interpretation of its real connotation.The thesis insists Badai culture be reviewed as it contains elements on intangible cultural heritage. As a systematic cultural treasure with abundant capital reserves, its essence on pursuing peace and harmony is a spiritual incentive, to protect it is very crucial. The best and permanent policy is to integrate it into present to relive its vitality to serve harmony.Part One includes the Preface, ChapterⅠ, ChapterⅡ, and ChapterⅢ, states Badai culture’s status. The Preface gives the reasons, significance of the chosen topic; ChapterⅠoffers key information in brief; ChapterⅡand ChapterⅢelaborates in details on "Badai Miao" and "Badai Han".Part Two, ChapterⅣanalyzes Badai culture’s features, inheritance, origins and so on.Part Three, ChapterⅤinterprets the elements in the system as the Buddhist implements, the altar, the sacrificial objects and other activities.Part Four, ChapterⅥexplains the deep connotation from a broader perspective of context interpretation.Part Five, including ChapterⅦ, ChapterⅧ, upon reflection of Badai culture’s endangered status, explores the newly evolved meanings, its huge potentials and practical solutions to serve the modern society.The author resorts to the case study of Badai culture, to further promote people’s awareness of spiritual connotation of national culture, thus to bring the heritage’s tremendous potential into full play as well as to better preserve mankind’s great spiritual treasure, which may ultimately contribute to the harmonious development of mankind.更多还原