村民行动与村庄秩序

【作者】 董研；

【导师】 包智明；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 民族社会学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 本文是一项关于社会行动的经验研究。笔者以社会行动理论为指导,以实地调查资料为基础,以行动者在生活世界中的实践行动作为研究的切入点,关注行动者的主体性和能动性,对社会行动者的行动模式以及社会行动与社会秩序的关系进行了中国本土化的经验研究。本文选择河北省孟村回族自治县作为调查区域,综合考虑主导产业、经济发展水平、民族成分等因素的多样性,选择了三个不同类型的村庄,运用定性研究和定量研究的方法,研究了村民社会行动的影响因素、行动的选择以及行动的结果。全文共分六章。第一章为导论,简要介绍了研究缘起与研究主题,回顾了前人的相关研究,详细阐述了论文中涉及的相关概念、分析框架以及研究方法,简要介绍了调查区域和调查点的情况。第二章主要分析了行动的第一个影响因素——环境,即从地理环境、历史环境和制度环境三个方面论述了不同环境对于行动者行动选择的影响。第三章主要分析了行动的第二个影响因素——资源,即论述了行动者拥有的不同资源以及拥有资源的差异对于行动选择的影响和作用。第四章从经济行动和日常交往行动两个方面,集中考察了作为行动者的村民在社会经济生活中是如何利用环境与资源进行行动的选择。第五章描述了行动者的行动结果以及作为其表现形式的村庄秩序。第六章为总结与讨论,提出了本文的基本发现和对以往理论的再思考,指明了本研究的意义和尚待进一步研究的问题。通过对经验材料的归纳,笔者发现,不同类型村庄的行动者表现出明显的行动选择差异,但其行动模式是趋同的。在社会转型的背景下,环境和资源是影响乡村行动者社会行动的两个重要因素。它们发生作用的机理比较复杂：环境、资源、行动者以及行动者做出的实践行动,两两之间都是交互影响的关系。行动者在本乡本土的生活情境中,做出的不一定都是有着明确目标导向的行动,他们往往下意识地做出一种适合自己的行动选择。这种行动为他们带来的利益也许不是最大的,但它是行动者做出的一种自身可以接受的行动选择。也就是说,行动者在环境—资源框架下,遵循适合性逻辑和模糊性逻辑,在特定情境下做出适应性行动。众多村民行动者的关联行动结果以村庄秩序的形态表现出来。而生成的村庄秩序又作为行动者拥有的环境和资源,影响他做出新的行动选择。社会行动和社会秩序之间形成了胶着建塑、往复递进的变迁过程。社会行动是社会学研究的基本主题。本研究以中国本土化的经验材料为依据,对于人类的社会行动以及社会秩序的建构等社会学核心问题给出了自己的回答。本文关于行动者行动模式的结论虽然是从河北村民的实践行动的研究中得出的,但它的适用范围并不局限于此。笔者认为,在分析中国社会转型中“不离乡”的行动者时,本文的结论具有重要的参考价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper is an empirical study on social actions. Under the guidance of social actions theories, the author’s attention is concentrated on the practical actions of individuals in their lifeworld, emphasizing on the subjectivity and initiative of social actors. Based on the materials gained from field work study, this paper is an empirical study on the Chinese localization of the social actors’mode of actions and the relationship between social actions and social order. Taking leading industries, the level of economic development, ethnic diversity and other factors into consideration, this paper chooses Mengcun Hui Autonomous County in Hebei Province as the research area. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the fieldwork in three villages of different types, in order to study the impact factors, the choices and the results of villagers’actions.This paper is divided into six chapters. Chapter I, the Introduction, briefly introduces the origin of the study and the research topic, and also includes documentary reviews and a brief description of the research area. On top of this, the author carries about a detailed demonstration on the related concepts, analysis framework and research methods in the paper. ChapterⅡmainly focuses on the first major impact factor of social actions-the environment. The author discusses the impact that different environment exerted on the social actions of individuals from three aspects:the geographical environment, historical context and institutional environment. In ChapterⅢ, the author mainly analyzes the second major impact factor-the resources. In the society, individuals hold different personal and social resources, and the differences in resource result in the different choices of social actors in the similar environment. Chapter IV concentrates on the way villagers use the environment and resources to build their own place in the social system, both in economical and everyday life. Chapter V discusses the results of social actions. The actions of individuals are interlinked, and they constructed the economic order and the social order of the village. Chapter VI, Conclusions and Discussions, puts forward this paper’s basic discovery, and also presents its significance and key issues for further study.The author finds, by summarizing the empirical materials, that although different types of actors in the village show significant differences in their options for action, their modes of action are actually similar. With the rapid social transition, the environment and resources are becoming two critical factors on the social action of individuals in rural areas. Environment, resources, social actors and the practical actions done by the actors, these four interweaving factors work in a complicated way, which means that either two factors are enormously affected by each other. Actions of individuals in their daily situations are not always clear goal-oriented ones. Individuals often subconsciously make decisions for their own actions. Such actions may not bring their interest to the largest, but they could be accepted. That is to say, within the environment resources framework, social actors make adaptive actions in certain situations, following suitable logic and fuzzy logic. The results of the villagers’related action are manifested in the village order. Moreover, the order of the village, as the environment and resources hold by the social actors, affect them in the process of making new action choices. Between social actions and social order, there formed the mutual construction and reciprocating progressive change process.Social action has long been a main theme of sociological research. Based on the empirical materials of localization in China, this study answers human social action and social order construction and other core issues of sociology. Although the analytical framework of the mode of social actions is derived from the study on villagers in Hebei, its scope is by no means limited. The author believes that, the conclusions of this paper holds their general reference value in analyzing the never-leave-home individuals in the transformation of Chinese society.更多还原