大新壮语形容词研究

【作者】 黄美新；

【导师】 李锦芳；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 中国少数民族语言文学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 本论文主要采用共时描写方法和语义学理论及方法,辅以认知语言学、配价语法及田野语言学等多个相关学科的理论,以大新壮语的829个形容词为分析对象,研究大新壮语形容词的语义及语法功能。全文包括绪论、形容词的归类及小类划分、句法功能、组合功能、形容词的配价、形容词重叠式的语义和语法功能分析、颜色形容词的语义分析、结语等八部分和附录。第一章绪论,首先对国内外形容词的研究现状进行具体地阐述,然后指出本文选题的目的、意义、研究的范围及理论方法,最后介绍了语料来源及大新壮语简况。第二章对大新壮语形容词的归类及小类划分进行分析。首先确定了大新壮语形容词的地位及定义,然后明确大新壮语形容词的研究范围,最后分析大新壮语形容词的归类及小类划分。本文认定形容词属于动词的一个次类,制定了形容词归类的主要鉴定标准、次要鉴定标准和参考标准,并把形容词划分为单纯形容词和复杂形容词两大类,单纯形容词又分为单音节形容词和双音节形容词,复杂形容词又分为复合形容词和派生形容词。第三章论述了大新壮语形容词的句法功能。分析总结大新壮语形容词的结构以后,分别对大新壮语形容词作定语、谓语、状语、主语和宾语的情况进行分析研究,对形容词充当每一种句子成分都作了计量统计,并对形容词中两个大类充当每一种句子成分的功能差异进行分析,得出结论：大新壮语形容词最主要的句法功能是作定语,其次是谓语,再次是作状语,最后是作主语和宾语。还讨论了形容词带宾语的情况及原因、状语的界定及由形容词充任结果状语的语义指向、述结式的语法意义、述结式与宾语组合的情况。第四章分析了大新壮语形容词的组合功能。分别从形容词与程度词la：i55(多)的组合、与否定副词mi33(不)的组合、与动态助词ja33(了)、ju33(着)、kva33(过)等组合、与数量词的组合、多重形容词修饰名词的语序、形名组合的韵律组配、形动组合的韵律组配等七个方面进行分析研究。大新壮语中各类形容词中除了派生形容词不与程度词la：i55(多)组合外,其余都可以与程度词la：i55(多)组合。形容词也都可与否定副词mi33(不)及动态助词ja33(了)和kva33(过)组合,但只有少数形容词能与动态助词ju33(着)组合。大新壮语数量词与形容词的组合方式较复杂,其制约因素有：数词和量词、形容词本身、名词及动词的制约。多重形容词修饰名词时,其语序是自由变换的,但形容词和指示词及数量词组合共同修饰名词时的语序则固定为：数量词+名词+形容词+指示词。形名组合及形动组合的韵律组配是相当自由的。第五章运用配价语法理论研究了大新壮语形容词的配价。首先确定大新壮语形容词的价类,然后对大新壮语一价、二价、三价形容词的句法组配逐一进行分析。第六章对大新壮语形容词重叠式的语义和语法功能进行分析。对大新壮语形容词重叠式的结构形式、语义特征及语法功能等三方面逐一进行考察。第七章运用词汇语义学理论和方法对大新壮语颜色形容词进行语义分析。首先分析大新壮语颜色形容词的构成,然后分别对颜色形容词进行语义聚合和组合分析。第八章结语。总结本文的主要观点,提出了本文的不足及尚待研究之处。附录包括大新壮语形容词词汇表和大新壮语形容词功能及价类表。大新壮语形容词研究的意义在于：(1)国内外对形容词的研究一直有许多存疑,本文从壮语入手,对壮语形容词进行系统地、详细地描写和分析。为形容词研究提供新的研究成果,丰富形容词研究的内容,将有利于汉语及其他语言形容词的研究,对人们关于形容词本质特点的认识也将大有益处。(2)壮语形容词的研究相当薄弱,目前壮语形容词研究的专门著作还是处于空白状态,本研究对大新壮语形容词进行全面、客观、详尽地描写、分析和解释,有助于加深对壮语形容词的认识,同时也能填补壮语形容词没有专著的空白。(3)运用词汇语义学的理论方法,探讨大新壮语颜色形容词。不仅揭示了大新壮语整个色彩表达系统,而且有助于壮语词汇研究对理论方法的探索。(4)为形容词跨语言比较奠定方法和内容上的基础。自然语言中的形容词是人类认知的结晶,不同语言的形容词在成员、数量、词义内容、语义表达式、文化含义等方面有差别,也有相近相同的方面,开展跨语言形容词对比研究是非常有价值的工作,而研究的前提是对具体一种语言的形容词进行详尽的分析。因此本研究对建立壮侗语族语言的语法理论框架以及认识汉藏语系形容词的共性和形容词的类型学研究都具有一定的价值。主要创新点有：(1)通过对大新壮语形容词和动词及名词的对比分析,首次提出了大新壮语形容词属于动词的一个次类,并制定了大新壮语形容词归类的主要鉴定标准、次要鉴定标准及参考标准,有效地解决了大新壮语形容词的归类难题,同时对壮侗语形容词归类也有借鉴作用。(2)比较全面地分析了大新壮语形容词的构成、语义及语法功能,尤其在分析句法功能时,本文摆脱了汉语关于状语——补语划分法对壮语的影响,取消了“补语”这一世界语言中非普遍性概念,把它归入状语中,并对状语进行新的界定,同时,对大新壮语形容词可充当的状语进行分类,这在壮语研究中是属于首次。(3)用配价理论分析大新壮语形容词,这也是壮语形容词研究中的一个新的尝试。(4)用词汇语义学理论对大新壮语颜色形容词进行了语义上的聚合和组合分析,实际上也是对大新壮语的整个色彩表达系统进行了分析,这在壮语研究中无疑是第一次,同时也促进人们对壮语的色彩表达有更深的了解。更多还原

【Abstract】 The main aim of the study is to identify the semantic and grammatical function in the used of adjective of Zhuang language in Daxin. The methods and theories of synchronic description and semantics, as well as some relational theories such as cognitive linguistics, valence grammar and field linguistics and so on,are used to analyse a total number of 829 adjectives in Daxin Zhuang.The dissertation consists of eight chapters:Preface, classification and sub-class of adjective, syntactic. function, combination function, adjective valence, the analysis of semantic and grammatical function of adjective reduplication, semantic analysis of colour adjective, conclusion and appendix.Chapter One, preface, introduces the current study of adjective in the world and indicates the purpose, significance, scope, theory and method to be used in the research and gives an introduction of the source of language data and an outline of Daxin Zhuang.Chapter Two, analyses the classification and sub-class of Daxin adjectives. First determinates the status and the definition of Daxin adjective, and then explicates the scope, last analyses the classification and sub-class of Daxin adjectives. This dissertation identifies that adjective is a sub-class of verb. and formulates the major and minor appraisal criteria and reference criterion of adjective classification and classifies adjective into two sub-classes, one is called pure adjective which is divided into monosyllabic adjective and bi-syllabic adjective, and another is called complex adjective which is divided into compound adjective and derivation adjective.Chapter Three, elaborates the syntactic function of Daxin adjectives. After analysing adjective structure. it analyses in-depth to the condition of adjective as attribute, predicate, adverbial, subject, object, and the amount statistic is made to each adjective which functions as each sentence constituent. After that analyses the functional differences which the two high-level class of adjective can function as each sentence constituent. The finding shows that major syntactic function of adjective is as attribute, next as predicate, then as adverbial, and last as subject or object. Besides that, it also discusses the cause and situation of adjective with object, the definition of adverbial, the semantic direction which adjective behaves as result adverbial, grammatical meaning of comment-result construction, and the construction between the comment-result and the object.Chapter Four, analyses the combination function of Daxin adjectives. It analyses respectively seven aspects as follows:the combination of adjectives and the degree word (la:i55), or and the negative adverb (mi33), and the dynamic particles (ja33),(ju33),(kva33), and numeral-classifiers. the word order which multiple adjectives comodify a noun, and prosodic match of adjective-noun or adjective-verb construction. The finding shows that all adjectives excepted derivation adjectives can combine themselves with the degree word (la:i55), negative adverb(mi33), and dynamic particles(ja33), (kva33), meanwhile only a few of adjectives can combine themselves with dynamic particle (ju33). The result also reveals that the combination of adjective and numeral-classifier is complicated, and the restrictive factors are:numeral, classifier, adjective itself, noun and verb. the word order is free which multiple adjectives comodify a noun,but the word order is fixed which adjective,demonstrative and numeral-classifier comodify a noun, and the order is:numeral-classifier +noun+adjective+demonstrative. the prosodic match of adjective-noun or adjective-verb construction is rather free.Chapter Five, studies the valence of Daxin adjectives by using valence grammatical theory. First, determines the valence category, then analyses respectively the syntactic match of mono-valence, bi-valence and tri-valence of Daxin adjectives.Chapter Six, analyses the semantics and grammatical function of adjective reduplication in Daxin Zhuang, inspects respectively three aspects as follows:the structural style, semantic feature and grammatical function of adjective reduplication in Daxin Zhuang.Chapter Seven, analyses the semantics of colour adjectives in Daxin Zhuang taking the theory and method of lexical semantics. And then analyses respectively the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relation of meaning of the colour adjectives.Chapter Eight, conclusion, concludes the main aim of the study, and points out the limitations and recommendations for further study.Appendix includes the word list of Daxin Zhuang adjectives and the table of Daxin Zhuang adjective functions and valences.The significance of the study of Daxin Zhuang adjectives is:(1) There have been many questions about the study on adjective in China or abroad. The study gives a full description and detail analysis of Daxin adjectives, provides a new result in adjective research, and enriches its content. This will be benefit to adjective study of Chinese and other languages, and be also advantageous in understanding adjective essence.(2)The study on Zhuang adjectives is rather poor. At present, special work of Zhuang adjectives is still blank, this study gives a full objective description, analysis and explanation of Daxin adjectives, It not only promotes awareness of Zhuang adjectives, but also can fill the blank that there is no special work on Zhuang adjectives;(3) The study discusses colour adjectives in Daxin Zhuang taking the theory and method of lexical semantics, it not only promulgates the whole system of colour expression of Daxin Zhuang, but also helps the exploration of the theory and method about the lexical study in Zhuang language;(4)It can establish the foundation of method and content of adjective cross-language comparison. Adjective in natural language is a crystallization of human cognition, there are differences and similarities in some aspects such as member, number, meaning of word, semantic expression, cultural meaning and so on. It is very valuable to do the comparative research of cross language about adjective, but there is a premise that adjective in a concrete language must be given a thorough analysis. So the study is somewhat valuable for establishing the theoretical framework of grammar in Zhuang-Dong language and understanding the general characters of adjective in the Sino-Tibetan and also the typological research of adjective.The major innovations of the study lie in four points:(1)It is the first time to put forward that adjective class in Daxin Zhuang is a sub-class of verb class, and formulate the major and minor appraisal criteria and reference criterion of adjective classification in Daxin Zhuang through comparative analysis within adjective, verb and noun in Daxin Zhuang. It solves effectively the hard question about adjective classification in Daxin Zhuang, and also exemplifies for adjective classification in Zhuang-Dong language; (2) It is the first time in Zhuang language for this study to analyse fully the construction, semantics and grammatical function of Daxin adjectives. Especially while analysing syntactic function, the study gets rid of the influence of the partitioning about adverbial-complement in Chinese. It cancels the conception of complement which is not universal in the world languages, and puts complement into adverbial class, then gives a new definition about adverbial and classifies the adjectives which can be functioned as adverbial; (3) Valence theory is first utilized to analyse Daxin adjectives,It is also a new try in Zhuang language;(4)It is undoubtedly the first time in Zhuang language to analyse the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relation of meaning of the colour adjectives in Daxin Zhuang taking lexical semantics theory. In fact, the study analyses the whole system of colour expression of Daxin Zhuang, and it certainly gives people a deeper understanding of the colour expression of Zhuang language.更多还原