中国少数民族民间剪纸文化研究

【作者】 马莉萍；

【导师】 祁庆富；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 民族学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 我国56个民族拥有丰富的口头和非物质文化资源,它们不仅代表着活的文化空间和社会记忆,而且也代表活的文化象征和文化基因,从而融合成不同民族文化发展的情感源泉。作为首批入选《人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》的一个项目,少数民族的剪纸具有典型的文化多样性和族群文化象征的意义,可以说是民族文化的深层记忆。我们通过对少数民族传统剪纸的研究,不仅仅可以对剪纸这一民族民间技艺作深入细致的考察,而且还可以系统全面的探索,开拓通过少数民族剪纸研究民族传统文化的新领域,以弥补少数民族非物质文化遗产研究的不足。在民间剪纸的研究领域,历史上就有重中原轻四野、重汉族轻少数民族的倾向,目前,少数民族传统剪纸研究无论是整体研究还是个案研究、理论研究还是田野研究都相当薄弱,这些必然影响人们对于中国少数民族民间剪纸特殊艺术价值和历史文化价值的认识。中国少数民族民间传统剪纸艺术,在非物质文化遗产丰富的少数民族文化中占据了重要地位,或是记忆远古民族的苗族剪花,或是架构人与佛沟通桥梁的傣族剪纸,亦是粗犷的蒙古族剪皮艺术,亦是写照海岛生活的黎族剪纸……它们既丰富多彩又内涵深刻,少数民族剪纸作为民族深层记忆符号与生活中的文化象征而长期存在于少数民族的民俗世界中,值得我们对它进行研究。本文将应用多种学科方法对中国少数民族的剪纸进行解析：运用民族学的田野调查方法收集并整理资料；利用文献与考古文物追述、研究历史年代；运用文化人类学的仪式理论、象征理论、阐释理论、变迁理论等,还有参与观察、比较方法等人类学的经典理论方法对少数民族民间剪纸的特征与符号意义进行深入探讨,对蕴含其中的原始思维、文化符号与象征进行剖析,为探讨口头与非物质文化遗产、文化遗产的形成、传承、保护提供理论依据和实践依据。本文分为六章,分别为少数民族民间剪纸的历史渊源,少数民族民间剪纸的分类,少数民族剪纸与民族工艺的相互影响,少数民族民间剪纸的价值与功能,文化变迁中的少数民族剪纸和少数民族剪纸的传承与保护。可以看出,虽然很多少数民族剪纸的历史没有汉族的那么长,但是相互间的影响确有存在,一些与汉民族杂居或近邻的少数民族,其剪纸文化中反映出很多汉族吉祥文化印记。另一方面,少数民族剪纸的本源性也相当明显,其中原始宗教的影响尤为明显,它们继承了剪纸起源时的巫术传统,无论是满族、鄂伦春族、鄂温克族的原始多神信仰的萨满剪纸,还是壮族的巫术仪式剪纸,无论是土家族“梯玛”剪纸还是苗族的“还傩愿”剪纸等等,都在不同程度的继承并内化了剪纸的起源时的用途,从这个角度可以说少数民族剪纸具有原始性与古老性。少数民族剪纸在功能用途上与临近地域的汉族剪纸没有太大区别,但是在使用的频率和比重上有所不同,少数民族剪纸很大一部分都不是单独使用的装饰剪纸,而是多以绣花、贴花、剪镂雕刻的样稿出现,因此在材质上选择范围宽泛,往往就地取材。在色彩与镂空技法上也不同,它们多根据需要采用“适形”原则取舍,这与汉族剪纸有很大的差距。在文化变迁中,少数民族剪纸受到的冲击很大,因为少数民族虽然没有中原地带那么快的现代化,可是近些年来的西部大开发工程、安居工程等等政府行为,包括现代的传媒、孩子的外出教育、务工等等,使得少数民族生产生活方式发生的巨大的变化,最突出的是作为民族识别符号的多彩斑斓的民族服装已经很少在生活中使用了,同样与之相依附的花样剪纸也就濒临灭绝,而应用于其他民俗生活中的剪纸的也面临同样的境遇,因此抢救少数民族剪纸的工作迫在眉睫,尤其是传承人、口传身授的传承模式及民族剪纸艺术生存的文化生态环境的保护。更多还原

【Abstract】 The oral and intangible cultural resources of 56 nationalities in China merged into the emotional source of different ethnic culture development representing the living culture of cultural space and social memories, Cultural symbols and meme. As one of the elements of non-material cultural resources, paper-cutting among the minorities has typical cultural diversity and ethnic and cultural symbolic significance, it can be said that the national culture deep memory. Through the study of minority traditional paper-cutting, we can not only carry out thorough and meticulous inspection for this national folk art, but also through systematic and comprehensive exploration of paper-cutting, explore a new domain for national traditional culture of minority nationalities, to make up for the shortage of the minority intangible heritage studies.In the folk paper-cut area of research, in history having the tendency of attaching importance to Central Plains and the Han underestimate the border areas and the minority in china’s academic circles, at present, minority traditional paper-cutting study on whether the overall study or case studies theory research or fields are very weak, and this will inevitably affect the people of Chinese Ethnic minority’s folk paper-cut understanding of the special artistic value and historical and cultural value. Chinese minority traditional folk paper-cut occupied an important position in ethnic culture of rich intangible cultural heritage, whatever the paper-cuts of Miao as the embroidery patterns representing the memory of ancient peoples, Dai’s Paper cuts used for religious purposes are often found in temples, also the Mongols sheared sheep skin and the picture of Li’s island life and so on, due to colorful and profound meaning, Paper-cut will present in ethnic folklore life for a long time as deep memory of minority ethnic cultural symbols and symbol of life in China and should be deserved careful academic study.This article will analysis of paper-cut in china’s ethnic minorities with multi-disciplinary methods on:application of field research method of Ethnology collect information, utilization of literature and archaeology tell about the past of cultural relics, application of cultural anthropology ceremony of the theory of symbolic theory, interpretation theory, change theory, and participate in the observation and Comparison of classical theory methods in anthropology to undertake in-depth study on the characteristics and the symbolic significance of ethnic minority’s folk paper-cutting, analyzing the cultural symbols, symbolism and the original thinking in order to provide a theoretical basis and practical basis for exploring the oral and intangible cultural heritage, cultural heritage of the formation, transmission and protection.This paper is divided into six chapters, which are the historical origins of ethnic minority folk paper-cut, The classification of ethnic minority folk paper-cut, Paper-cuts and the process of interaction of minority nationalities, Ethnic minority folk paper-cut values and functions, Cultural changes in the ethnic minority paper-cut and the inheritance and protection of the ethnic minority paper-cut. As you can see, Although many ethnic minority history of the paper-cuts so long without the Han nationality, but their effects do exist, and the Han nationality inhabited by close neighbor of ethnic minorities, its paper-cut culture reflected in many Han Chinese auspicious culture mark. Meanwhile, the ethnic minority origin of paper-cut is quite obvious that primitive religion is particularly obvious effects. They inherited paper cutting witchcraft traditions of origin, Whether the shaman paper-cut of tne Man, the Oroqen, the Ewenki is an original polytheism, animist beliefs, Zhuang paper-cut in the witch ceremony, The Tujia "Tima" paper-cuttings and the Miao paper-cut for votive offerings, carried on and internalized its original functions. From this point of view can be said that ethnic minorities paper-cutting have a primitive and ancient nature.The functional use of the ethnic minority paper-cuts is not much different from a Han paper-cut with the adjacent area. However, the frequency and proportion in use are different, a large part of ethnic minority paper-cut is not used alone ornamental, Much of them appeared as the form of the embroidery, applique, carving etc. Therefore, material on the broad range of options, often using local resources, in color and hollow technique is also different, multi-shaped according to the principle of trade-offs need to adopt appropriate, which is a large gap between Han Chinese paper-cutting. Changes in culture, minority paper-cuts were a big impact, because ethnic minorities although not as fast as the modernization of the Central Plains area, Changes in culture, minority paper-cuts were a big impact, because ethnic minorities although not as fast as the modernization of the Central Plains area. However, in recent years the great western development projects, pro-poor housing and so on government actions, including the modern media, children out of education, workers etc, production and lifestyle of minorities made dramatic changes, most notably as a national identifier colorful gorgeous costumes have been used rarely in life, the same phase dependence of the pattern with paper-cuts also threatened with extinction. Be applied to other folk life of the paper-cutting is also facing the fate of disappeared, so the work of paper-cutting to save minority imminent, most importantly, should protect the heritage and the transmission of oral tradition who are delegated the art of survival mode and the national cultural environment.更多还原