北京城区独生子女家庭的养老问题研究

【作者】 赵仲杰；

【导师】 徐平；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 民族社会学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 人口老龄化是老年人口在总人口中所占比重不断加大的动态过程,伴随着社会经济的发展,人类寿命的延长,出生率的降低,人口老龄化趋势已日益明显。继发达国家人口普遍老龄化之后,发展中国家老年人口正在大量增长,且人口年龄结构转变的速度远快于发达国家。我国于1999年已进入老龄化社会,人口老龄化正将逐步影响社会及每个人的生活,它所导致的首要社会问题就是养老问题。目前,我国人口老龄化正处于快速发展期,但是作为发展中国家,我国的养老保障体系还不很健全,因而社会将会面临很大的养老压力,每个家庭都正在或即将面临养老问题。而在所有家庭结构中,由于独生子女家庭结构的特殊性,他们除了会面临普通家庭的一般性问题外,还会遇到更多的养老风险和养老困境。随着独生子女家庭老人们一天天进入养老年龄,独生子女家庭的养老问题已经成为我们今天不能回避的沉重话题。我国独生子女家庭的成因,其一是由于人们的自发抉择；其二是由于人们对独生子女政策的自觉响应。目前,独生子女已经成为我国一个独特的庞大群体,因此独生子女家庭的养老问题在老龄化的大背景下无疑成了人们关注的焦点。独生子女家庭的养老状况直接关系到每个家庭的幸福、关系到我们国家的和谐与稳定。本论文立足于应用性研究。出于研究目的及研究设计的需要,本文定位于研究北京城区独生子女家庭的养老问题。为此,笔者在“北京市宣武区、西城区城市独生子女家庭养老问题调查”及“北京市宣武区独生子女伤残或死亡家庭风险及保障调查”两项课题调研基础上进一步进行了深度调查与访谈。调查过程中,笔者发现许多独生子女家庭现在有养老困境,未来有养老风险。特别是那些独生子女伤残或死亡家庭一个个令人潸然泪下的事例促使笔者不得不深思独生子女家庭老人的养老问题。本论文针对中国社会的现实紧迫性和学术研究的滞后性,应运多学科方法,采取定性与定量相结合,注重历史和现实,中国和世界的交叉对比,具有一定的开创性并在理论和现实层面都有较大的贡献。从理论层面上讲,本文对独生子女家庭的养老问题进行多角度研究具有一定的创新性；从制度层面探究独生子女家庭养老风险的规避问题具有一定的原创性；而结合社会学、人口学、老年学等多学科理论、根据实际情形研究独生子女家庭的养老问题,建构多元的养老模型无疑具有一定的理论和实践参考价值。从现实层面上讲,研究独生子女家庭的养老问题、规避养老风险具有紧迫性；提供可行性养老方案具有长效性；而与时俱进,探讨养老新观念则具有时代性。本论文共分三部分。第一、二章是基础部分；第三章到第六章是主体部分,在这部分中笔者以理论为指导详细论述独生子女家庭的养老问题；第七章为第三部分,主要对文章进行了总结并做出一些讨论。本文认为独生子女家庭结构的刚性及脆弱性会使这类家庭面临各种养老困境及养老风险；处于不同情境下的独生子女家庭会有不同的养老需求；独生子女时代需要新的“孝道文化”；独生子女家庭对多元化养老方式的选择呈理性、动态变化趋势。昔日,独生子女家庭为了响应国家计划生育的号召牺牲了个人的生育利益,为我国扭转人口的困境做出了贡献；今天,我们社会理应积极探求独生子女家庭的养老规律、认真考虑独生子女家庭的养老问题。理念决定思路,思路决定出路。我们应本着以人为本的理念,尽力应对独生子女家庭的养老困境、规避养老风险；积极推进独生子女时代孝道文化的调适；在充分考虑独生子女家庭养老需求的基础上加快建设和完善城市养老服务体系,力争使独生子女家庭的老人们能够幸福而尊严地安享晚年。更多还原

【Abstract】 Aging of population is a dynamic process of continually increasing of the elderly in the proportion of the total population. With rapid development of social economy, longer human life expectancy and lower birth rates, the aging of population has become increasingly apparent. Soon after the general aging of population in developed countries, a large number of the elderly population is growing in developing countries, and the age structure changes much faster than that in developed countries. In 1999, our country entered the aging society. The gradual aging of the population has been affecting our society and everyone’s life. And it has led to many social problems, among which old supporting is the first one. At present, the aging of population in our country is in the period of rapid development. However, as a developing country, our old-supporting security system is still not quite perfect. Thus, our whole society has to face the great pressure of supporting the old. And so does each family. Moreover, among all family structures, the one-child family structure has its special nature. Therefore, this kind of families has to encounter many more problems than ordinary families. They may have more old-supporting difficulties and risks. So it is obvious that the old-age pension problem of one-child families is particularly worthy of concern. There are two causes to our country’s one-child families. One is people’s spontaneous choice and the other is people’s active response to one-child policy. At present, the one-child generation has become a unique large group of our country, thus, at this background the one-child family pension issues have undoubtedly become a major focus. The pension situation of the one-child families directly relates to the happiness of each family, our national harmony and stability. Therefore, there is no doubt that this study of the one-child family pension issues is a matter of great theoretical and practical significances.This paper aims at applied research. And for the sake of research purposes and design needs, this study focuses on the urban one-child family pension issues in Beijing. For these, the author has done further investigations and interviews, basing on the following two surveys, one is the Urban one-child family pension Survey in Xuanwu and Xicheng Districts and the other is on the risk and the protection of one child disability or death in this kind of one-child families in Xuanwu District. During the Course of investigation, the author found that many of the one-child families now have old-age pension difficulties, and for future they have risks for old-age pension. Especially those parents whose only-children are disabled or killed are very miserable. Their tearing stories often let the author ponder about the elderly pension problems.Owing to the one-child families as the particularity of this study and the author’s diversity points of view, this study not only has great practical significances but also strong academic ones. From the practical sense, it is urgent to study of the one-child families, pension issues to avoid the risks of old-age pension; it is feasible to provide long-term old-age pension programs; and it is advancing with the times to explore new concepts for old-age pension. From the academic sense, this multi-angle study of old age is innovative; from a system perspective to explore the one-child families trying to avoid the risk of old-age problem is original; meanwhile based on the actual case study of one-child families, pension issues, by using the multi-disciplinary theories of sociology, demography and gerontology, building a diversified pension model will undoubtedly have some theoretical and practical reference values.This dissersation is mainly divided into three parts. The first and second chapter is the basis of it. And the second part is the body part, which is from the third chapter to the sixth one. ChapterⅦis the last part, which has summarized the whole dissertation. This dissertation has drawn the following conclusions. Firstly, the rigid and vulnerability of one-child family structure will result in a variety of old-supporting hardship. Secondly, the one-child families will have different old-supporting needs in different situations. Thirdly, the one-child era needs a new "culture of filial piety". Fourthly, the selection of old-supporting ways is rational and dynamic. According to the above findings, we think in the old days, the one-child families reversed the plight of the population at the expense of individual reproductive interests. Today, our country should seriously consider the one-child family pension issues. We should make every effort to resolve the plight of the one-child families, actively promote a culture of filial piety, taking full account of the old-supporting needs of the one-child families to accelerate the construction and improvement of urban old-supporting service system to safeguard the only child parents to live smooth, happy and dignified life during their old ages.更多还原