内蒙古草原地带游牧生计方式起源探索

【作者】 刘瑞俊；

【导师】 黄有福；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 民族学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 游牧文化是人类文化的重要组成部分之一。游牧文化和农耕文化,是工业文明以前的人类两大主要文化,都是人类在长期的生产实践中针对不同的生态环境适应性地创造的人类文化。游牧文化是我国历史上北方各民族文化的重要组成部分。游牧生计方式是游牧文化形成的基础,对游牧生计出现的时间的探索可以为游牧文化的起源研究提供一个重要线索。本文主要借鉴民族学、文化人类学、考古学、历史学、社会学的理论观点,利用历史文献资料、考古学资料、民族学资料,借鉴西方社会人类学对游牧社会的研究成果,从文化多元化的观点出发,以新视角对历史文献和考古材料进行再阅读,运用文化生态学理论和历史唯物主义的理论,对中国北方草原地带游牧生计方式的起源问题进行探讨。首先对一些概念如“北方草原地带”、“长城沿线地带”、“畜牧”、“游牧”等加以限定,强调了这些概念在本文中的含义和所指涉范围；概括介绍了中外学者在游牧文化起源研究方面的主要成果。接着主要从内蒙古的生态环境与游牧生计的关系、动植物的驯化与原始农牧业的发展、内蒙古中南部地区的新石器时代的考古学资料等方面论述内蒙古草原地带游牧生计方式的形成时间。作者主要观点如下：(1)主张文化生态适应说。生态环境对生计方式的选择起着很重要的限制作用,游牧生计方式和草原生态的资源特性直接相关的,是生存于草原地区的人们在特定的草原生态环境下所创造出的一套行之有效的文化适应方式。强调长城沿线地带与北方草原地带是两个不同的生态文化区,以长城沿线地带的气候环境的变化所分析得出的结论只是反映了长城沿线地带的经济生活的变化,并不能等同于草原地带的游牧生计的发生时间。(2)研究游牧生计方式的起源时主张以牛、羊等草食性动物的驯化成功作为畜牧或游牧业出现的前提条件。马在游牧社会中的重要性主要体现在骑马术的出现及其在交通联络、信息沟通和社会管理控制上的运用,提高了草原上游牧民族的社会间的联系的效率与特征,促进了游牧社会、游牧文化向更高阶段的发展；也体现在骑射技术在军事上的发挥应用使游牧民族得以凭借其卓越的骑射技术驰骋于世界历史舞台上,对整个世界文明发生影响；其重要性不是体现在日常的游牧生产生活活动中。马的驯化成功或者骑乘术的出现,并不是探讨早期游牧生计方式形成的必要条件。(3)在对考古学资料的运用上,强调对草原边缘地区的考古学资料所显示的与畜牧经济、游牧生计有关的迹象以及资料中呈现的草原地带与长城沿线地带的互动的现象去推论草原地带的早期游牧生计方式的形成,而不是把长城沿线地带(农牧交错地带)的考古学材料作为直接证据。(4)有关我国北方草原地带游牧文化起源的比较流行的观点是“青铜时代起源说”和“农业分离说”。笔者认为这种现状与以下几个方面有关：一、缺乏有关早期游牧人群的文献记录资料；二、游牧生活方式下早期游牧人群的遗存难以形成和留存下来,而在形制及装饰图案方面表现游牧文化或者说草原文化的风格的金属器物能够遗留下来；三、主要依据长城沿线地带的的考古学资料；四、对游牧文化特征的认识；五、认为游牧经济是“依赖性”的或“非自足”的。(5)本文主要创新性结论是：作为游牧生计的生态基础的草原景观在晚更新世以来就已经存在,牛、羊等能够为游牧人群提供基本生活资料的草食性动物在新石器时代晚期已经驯化成功,在新石器时代晚期已经具备了游牧生计发生的必要条件。根据草原边缘地区长城沿线地带的新石器时代考古学资料的分析,特别是对新石器时代晚期长城沿线地带出现的石城址所显示的草原地带与长城沿线地带的人群互动的迹象的分析显示,在新石器时代晚期,在中国北方草原地区已经存在着以游牧生计为主要经济形态的人群,草原地带的游牧生计方式在新石器时代晚期已经形成。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Nomadic culture is an important part of human cultures. The Nomadic culture and the farming culture are the two main cultures before the industrial civilization of mankind, which are created through long-term practice for adaptation to different ecological environment. The Nomadic livelihoods are the basis for the formation of nomadic cultures. Therefore, probing on the appearing time of the nomadic livelihoods can provide an important clue for the study of the origin of the Nomadic culture.In this paper, the author has probed on the problem of the origin of the Nomadic livelihoods in northern grassland of China, for which the author has drawn on social anthropology of nomadic societies of Western research achievements, from the theoretical perspectives of ethnology, cultural anthropology, archeology, history and sociology and by using historical documents, archaeological and ethnographic data. And for which by using multiple cultural theories of historical materialism and cultural ecology, through a new perspective, the author has reread the historical documents and archaeological materials.First, the author has qualified some concepts such as "Northern Prairie Belt", "zones along the Great Wall," "Animal," "nomadic", emphasizing the meaning and the referential scope of these concepts in this paper. After this, the author has overviewed the researches on the origin of nomad cultural done by the Chinese and foreign scholars. Then mainly from the relationship between the ecological environment of Inner Mongolia and the nomadic livelihoods, the domestication of animals and plants,the development of primitive agriculture and animal husbandry, the Neolithic archaeological information of central and southern regions of Inner Mongolia, the author has discussed the formation time of inner Mongolia steppe nomadic livelihoods.The author’s main points are as follows:(I) Claim on the culture and ecological adaptation. Eco-environment plays a very important constraint role in the choice of means of livelihood. The livelihood of nomadic ways are directly related to the resource characteristics of grassland ecosystems, which are a set of cultural adaptation and effective manners created by the people living in the specific steppe regions of the grassland ecosystem. The author has stressed that the Strips along the Great Wall and the northern steppe zone are two different ecological and cultural areas. Thus, the conclusions drawn from the analysis to climate and environment changes of the Strips along the Great Wall merely have reflected changes of the economic life of the zone along the Great Wall, by which we can not tell when the nomadic livelihoods of steppe zone occurred.(II) To study the origin of nomadic livelihoods, the author advocates that we should take cattle, sheep and other herbivorous animals, livestock or domesticated success as a prerequisite for emerging nomadic animal husbandry. The importance of horses in nomadic society is mainly reflected in the emergence of riding technique and its application in traffic liaison, information, communication and social management and social management and control, which have improved the efficiency and characteristics of the link between the nomadic societies and have also promoted the nomadic society, making the nomadic culture develop to a higher stage. And the importance of horses is also reflected in the riding and shooting technology in military applications, which enables nomadic, with its excellent riding and shooting technology, surfed in the world stage, having affected the entire world civilization; therefore, its important is not reflected in the daily life of nomadic production activities. So domestication of horses and the appearance of riding there are not necessary conditions to explore the formation of the early nomadic livelihoods.(III) On the use of archaeological data, the author emphasizes on archaeological data of grassland marginal areas showing the economy with the livestock, nomadic livelihoods, as well as information about the interaction signs presented in the steppe zone along the Great Wall to reason the formation of the early nomadic livelihoods, rather than taking the archaeological materials in the Strips along the Great Wall (farming-pastoral zone) as direct evidence.(IV) The popular views about the origin of the nomadic culture in the steppe zone of northern China are, "the origin of the Bronze Age" and the "separation of Agriculture." The author believes that the status quo with the following aspects:Firstly, lack of early nomadic populations documented information; secondly, It is difficult to develop and survived nomadic mode of early nomadic populations remains, and the shape and decorative patterns in the performance of the nomadic culture, or the style of the grassland culture of metal objects can be left behind; Thirdly, researches are mainly based on the archaeological data in the Great Wall along the zone of; Fourthly, the awareness of the characteristics of nomadic culture; fifthly, It is thought that the nomadic economy is "dependent" or "non-self-sufficient".(V) The innovative conclusion of this dissertation is like the following. As the ecological basis for the livelihood of, the nomadic steppe landscape has existed in the late Pleistocene. The cattle, sheep, etc. had been successfully domesticated in the late Neolithic Age and provided basic means of subsistence for the nomadic populations of herbivorous animals, which were necessary conditions for nomadic livelihoods. On the archaeological analysis to the information of grassland areas along the Great Wall in the late Neolithic Age, have been equipped with the Marginal areas under of Neolithic of the information, especially from the analysis to the interaction signs in areas along the Great Wall from the late Neolithic site of the ancient city of Petra, we can say the main form of livelihood of nomadic populations had appeared in the steppe zone along the Great Wall in the late Neolithic Age in China’s northern grassland area already, and the nomadic steppe zone means of livelihood had already been formed in the late Neolithic Age.更多还原