基层政治变迁中的权威、自主与制度

【作者】 刘永刚；

【导师】 徐永志；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 民族政治学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 基层政治是考察一个国家政治结构、政治生态、权利体系、政治控制较好的着眼点。从历史制度主义的理论视野来考量基层社会尤其是民族地区基层社会较长时段的政治变迁在学界鲜见。本研究的目的在于通过对地处祖国西南边疆的滇南古镇——宝秀镇近百年的政治变迁的考察,以历史制度主义的“制度场域”为分析工具,运用了个案实证研究、历史/比较研究、调查研究和统计方法等方法,全面、深入的展现了该镇政治变迁的过程、动力与特征等,总结西南民族地区基层政治发展的一般特征,并揭示基层政治发展的前景。文章的主体部分有六章构成,第一章阐述了论文使用的理论与我提出的“国家权威、社会自主、制度场域”的三维立体模式。第二章,简要的回顾了宝秀镇在传统社会从“化外之地”向“化内之地”转变的情况。基本结论是在明以后,中央政府通过卫所、屯田、儒学、移民等措施完成了对现宝秀地区的居民、文化置换,将宝秀等卫、所、屯变为中央统治边疆并传播中原文化的桥头堡。并最终成功的完成了移植中原基层政治模式的历程,也使得传统的因俗设置的传统治边政策被压缩到元江以南地区。第三章,是晚清、北洋时期在中央推行地方自治的大背景下对宝秀地区基层自治与区乡规划以及现代意义上的“选举”以及社会自主性的考察。基本结论是虽然这一时期中国社会处于国家集权与地方分权的博弈之中,但是在“绅权膨胀”的同时,基层社会却逐渐被纳入到国家的政治生活之中了,在地方向中央分权的同时乡土社会原有的地方自主性却由于地方政府代表国家进行的基层建政活动而呈现出被削弱的态势。第四章,是对南京国民政府时期《县组织法》与“新县制”下乡村社会政治权力结构、政治组织、政治文化、建政绩效与乡村实况的考察。基本观点是以县为单位的地方自治与基层建政的本质是在于国家权威真正下沉到基层社会,同时在制度的创设与运作过程中,无论自治抑或建政根本的目的在于克服传统国家在创建民族国家时面临的渗透性、合法性危机。而地方精英之前与国家的合作关系随着国家与社会边界的消失而转变为一种利益上的支持与依赖关系。在南京国民政府基层建政过程中真正获益的地方精英,对国家权力的占有和对地方资源的合法汲取使其获得巨大的利益。在乡村由精英主导的“自定规则”与官方的“公共规则”的混合成为基层治理的基本特征。第五章,是对新中国成立至改革开放的集体化时代基层社会与政治结构、政治文化重构的考察。这一章围绕着土地改革、基层政治权力主体置换、区乡规划、公社体制、选举、分配等展开。而所有这些则是处于国家所建立的“单轨政治”模式与民族区域自治的双重政治创构之下,最终的结局只能是阶级的话语消解了民族的概念,阶级观念统治了边疆民族地区,而“民族”本身及其意义则处于基层政治的边缘。众多的有国家主导的动员卷入式政治参与的目标并非扩大民主,而在于发展生产、控制民众。此期在大部分时间,各种政治参与具备了太多的工具性特征。新中国成立直至改革开放“阶级”、“民族”等观念通过一次次的政治运动在不断的用于论证国家统治合法性的同时也使国家以较小的成本控制了广大的乡村社会。基层政权在政治、经济、文化诸领域的管治与政治传播使得乡村不再具有独立的自主性,国家权威划定并领导的空间也即基层政治与乡村自主的空间。第六章,是对改革开放至今基层政治的考察,主要探讨了公社体制解体后基层政权的变动与重构、基层政治权力结构的演变、乡村社会的政治文化与政治参与,尤其是近年来在滇南地区进行的乡镇政府、党委的民主化改革。在这一章,通过问卷的方式对宝秀镇的主体居民汉族和彝族群众的政治观念、政治意识、对村民自治以及乡镇民主化改革的态度等进行了比较研究。本章认为这一时期国家与乡村社会的关系也由之前的“完全统合”关系演变为乡镇有限主导的分立关系。作为基层政治发展手段而非目标的民主化倾向的乡镇长直选所激发出来的乡村社会的民主参政诉求更多的体现为这种发展的副产品。在基层政治发展中,除在部分干部任职与代表的民族身份外,并不能看出作为一个群体的“民族”对于基层政治发展的影响。基于以上考察,结论如下：其一,通过制度来规范国家权力进入乡村社会的方式与权限、重视培育社会力量构建“强政府－强社会”的互强型国家与社会关系；其二,长期的国家(政府)为主导的政治变革,使得国家与乡村社会控制与被控制的惯习阻碍着基层政治发展与国家的民主化进程；其三,在滇南近百年的实践历程中,选举制度体现为鲜明的工具性特征；其四,民族因素虽是基层政治发展的影响因素之一,但国家(政府)依然主导着基层政治的发展；最后,从基层政治发展的历程与方向来看,法治是基层民主所缺少并最需要的制度保障。更多还原

【Abstract】 The grass-roots politics is a good point to examine a country’s political structure, po1itical ecology,the right system and the political control.It is rare in the academic community that from the view of historical institutionalism theory to consider the grassroots community,especially the national grass-roots of society’s political change over a long period.Therefore,the purpose of this study lies in the investigation of nearly a centuyy of political changes of the southwest frontier of the motherland through the southem Yunnan----Baoxiu town,using the historical institutionalism "system Field"as the analysis tool to show its process of political change,power and features,etc.and based on this,summing up the general characteristics and prospects of the grass-roots political development.Throughout the dissertation,I use the empirical case studies,historical/comparative study,research and statistical methods to demonstrate the development of grassroots political panorama.Before the Ming Dynasty,there were mostly the ethnic minority settlements in the Southern Yunnan region.Yuan ago,the grass-roots sociecy in Yunnan was the independent status.In Yuan,Ming later,the main state inhabited by ethnic minorities was broken,the closed and the same traditional society was parted off by cultural assimilation and military embedded in the system.With the spread of Chinese culture and the rise of the gentry class,the grass-roots political structure mainly controlled by the gentry gradually took sharp.In late Qing dynasty and Beiyang period,the national power first sank into rural society,the modern sense of the county and township administrative system gradually built.At the instigalion of the national transformation and local self-government,the upper echelons of the folk society also presented unprecedented participation enthusiasm and social responsibility.At this time although government’s political control of the county greatly strengthened with groups such as insurance organization, but the country’s grass-roots political power remained at the county level,districts and townships were only self-governing institutions,not the end of the political organization.The Nanjing national government period,the most prominent feature of grass-roots politics was the transition from the form of local self-government organizations to national grass—toots political power,the leadership of squires in local and national gentries reflected thicker official meaning,the official state power sank into the folk society.This period,although the autonomy of the local community has been a certain degree of repression, but it still to fight, resist or uncooperative and other types of political participation, expressing of the rural resistance to state authority. Bao-jia system which intended to tight control over local, and the system design of grass-roots and political power reflected obvious non-intention and inefficiency.After the new China’s "collectivization era," southern Yunnan region has experienced the system from the zone to the regional ethnic autonomy system, bottom-up and top-down democratization movement makes the grass-roots community-acquired the greatest degree of political participation. Chinese farmers from the traditional social and political edge became the main body of the country’s political life. The subsequent political movement and the people’s communes made originally loose grass-roots society unreserved forced into the national political system, national autonomy to some extent have also been denied, state domination of society was a typical control mode.Since the reform, rural grass-roots recovered area establishment. With social and economic prosperity and national taxation reform, quiet rural community is getting more active. As a result of the impact and constraints of the country’s political system, this trend is always among the wrangling between the rule of law and the party. The village committee elections with the autonomous nature and the township mayors and township party secretary’s direct election first opened the door to grassroots political reform.Based on the above study, firstly, state power through the system to regulate the way into the rural society and authority, emphasis on educating the community on building a "strong government-strong society" strong type of mutual relations between state and society;. Secondly, the political changes of the long-term national (government) as the leading made the rural social control and controlled habit hindering grassroots political development and democratization process in countries. Thirdly, in south Yunnan nearly 100 years of practice process, the electoral system is a reflection tool for the distinct characteristics. Fourthly, although ethnic factors influence the development of grassroots political one of the factors, but the country (government) still dominated basic-level political development. Fifthly, from the grassroots political development course and direction of grassroots democracy, the rule of law is the most need of safeguard system of grass-roots democracy.更多还原