【作者】 王丽；

【导师】 张金池；

【作者基本信息】 南京林业大学 ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 本文通过室内盆栽试验并结合野外喷播实践,以白三叶、紫穗槐、黑麦草、波斯菊4种植物幼苗作为实验材料,研究喷播基质配比技术和土壤菌群对岩石界面的活化技术,对解决山体水分保持和岩壁—喷施基质的融合问题,实现破坏山体植被恢复的长期维持,为我国的破坏山体植被恢复与环境重建提供理论依据和技术支撑。获得以下主要研究成果:(1)保水剂含量对基质物理特性的影响①不同结构基质的容重和非毛管孔隙度随保水剂含量的增加而逐渐减小,容重尤其当保水剂含量超过0.3 %以后,基质容重会明显偏低较低,非毛管孔隙度明显偏小。而总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和保水能力均随保水剂含量的增加而提高,表明保水剂含量增加会明显提高喷播基质的总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度及其持水与供水能力。②保水剂含量对基质抗冲性、抗剪性的影响相同。抗冲指数和抗剪强度均出现先增加后减小的变化趋势。保水剂含量在0.15%~0.3 %之间,会在一定程度上增加喷播基质抗冲能力和抗剪强度,促进植物生长和覆盖对地表的保护作用。不同结构基质的抗冲指数和抗剪强度随着时间的增加而增加,保水剂比例对基质的抗冲性和抗剪性时间动态变化趋势没产生显著影响。(2)保水剂含量对植物生长的影响①4种植物平均出苗率、苗高均高于土壤对照处理。随着保水剂含量增加,出苗率逐渐增加,而苗高先逐渐增大后逐渐减小。不同保水剂含量下,紫穗槐、白三叶和黑麦草的出苗率(分别为12.6%、74%和19%,)在0.30 %时达到最高,波斯菊的峰值出0.2%时(63%);其中波斯菊在0.3%梯度是达到最大值(9.5cm),黑麦草峰值出现在0.5%梯度(11.5cm),紫穗槐峰值在0.15%梯度时就出现,是峰值对应的保水剂含量最低的植物种。各保水剂梯度之间苗高相差不大,说明保水剂能够促进幼苗生长,但是对幼苗高影响有限,尤其是达到一定峰值后随着保水剂含量的增加苗高反而会减小。②保水剂能增加土壤田间持水量,从4种植物种不同保水剂含量下的枯萎率看,总体上保水剂含量越高,相同时间内幼苗枯萎率越低,保水剂条件下植物的耐旱时间要明显增长。4种植物种枯萎速率快慢依次为:波斯菊>黑麦草>白三叶>紫穗槐。采用Tukey法多重比较后发现,保水剂含量差距越小,差异性就越不明显,反之则差异越大,这充分说明连旱条件下保水剂对延长植物生长时间的促进作用。(3)保水剂含量对植物生理的影响①本研究得出,8种基质条件下紫穗槐的Pn和Tr日变化均呈双峰型曲线;波斯菊、白三叶、黑麦草3种植物蒸腾速率日动态为单峰型曲线。峰值多出现在11:00～12:00左右。日动态曲线呈现“双峰型”的变化规律时,第一峰值多是高于第二峰值。在水分充足的对照条件下,保水剂对4种植物的影响作用基本相同。随着保水剂含量的增加,4种植物不同保水剂梯度出现峰值时间及峰值变化不完全不同;同时不是随着保水剂的增加而增加,而是在保水剂0.15%-0.3%对植物光合、蒸腾作用最有利。②4种植物的在不同保水剂梯度下WUE变化趋势不同,水分利用效率日变化出现明显的波动,保水剂含量对4种植物水分利用效率的影响没有明显的规律性。结果表明所选4种植物具有较高的水分利用效率,适合在立地条件贫瘠的地方栽植,是良好的山体复绿的植物种。(4)保水剂含量对基质水分动态变化的影响①在萌芽期及成苗期不同保水剂梯度下基质水分动态变化趋势基本相同,均随着保水剂含量的增加,基质含水量变化趋势缓慢,基质持水性能增加,高含水时间增加。植物种类对保水剂梯度间基质水分变化趋势无显著影响。②4种植物的基质含水量日变化趋势基本相同均为:中午12点之前,温度逐渐升高,基质水分含量略有下降,但下降幅度较小;12点至下午1点,水份蒸发和植物蒸腾作用达到最大值,出现了大幅度下降;1点之后基质水分缓慢明显下降。施用保水剂能有效抑制水分蒸发,且随着用量的增加,其持水性能逐渐增强。保水剂用量越大的处理,土壤含水量日变化越小,土壤含水量可长期处于较高水平。(5)微生物对岩石的风化作用①研究结果表明微生物-矿物的相互作用影响了矿物的溶解和沉淀。在南京幕府山采集的白云石矿石,通过富集分离法和直接矿石利用法筛选岩石降解菌,挑选出高活性菌株14株,其中6株细菌,8株真菌。经过显微观察和生理生化试验,将细菌1和细菌2鉴定为假单胞属,因而暂将细菌1和2命名为Pseudomonassp.PS-1和Pseudomonassp.PS-2。真菌株3和4初步确定菌株3和4属于曲霉属Aspergillus,暂命名为Aspergillus-3和Aspergillus-4,菌株5为木霉属,菌株6属于青霉属。②真菌对白云石的风化作用是个复杂的过程,不仅有菌丝的机械破坏作用,还有胞外大分子物质的作用。真菌胞外分泌物有利于矿物的风化作用。综合评价不同保水剂含量对植物的生长及生理指标的影响以及对基质结构特性的影响,得出保水剂含量在0.15%~0.3%范围之间,能改善基质结构,提高植被成活率,减少基质水土流失。江苏地区在今后客土喷播技术实施过程中,保水剂的用量应该在0.15%~0.3%这一范围;同时应当借鉴日本土壤菌永久绿化技术,在喷播过程中添加土壤有效菌种,增加基质微生物数量,加速研究生物风化,增加喷播基质的稳固性及与岩壁的融合性,从而实现破坏山体复绿的长期维持。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years, the external-soil spray seeding technique is widely used to the ecological restoration on damaged mountain body. The structural composition of spray seeding matrix decides the stability and efficiency. But there is little research on the moisture physical properties of spray seeding matrix and the effect on vegetation growth. Study on the structural composition of spray seeding matrix and the soil fungi activation technique on rock slopes with a pot plant experiment and field spray seeding practices. And regarding trifolium repens、amorpha、ryegrass、calliopsis as experimental materials. The study could solve the difficult problems that water retention and the rock slope-spray seeding matrix interface integration. These theoretical and technical gist are very useful at vegetation restoration on damaged mountain body and environmental reconstruction in our country. The results as follow:(1) Effect of water holding agent on the physical properties of spray seeding matrix①Results had showed that its function was obviously different in different water holding agent content. With increasing holding agent content, density and non-capillary porosity reduced all along, but porosity and capillary porosity increased always. Especially the water holding content was more than 0.3 %, the density and non-capillary porosity were too small. So the result showed that water holding agent can obviously increase the water retention ability of spray seeding matrix.②Effect of water holding agent on spray seeding matrix anti-scour ability and anti-shearing ability were same. With increasing holding agent content, the anti-scour ability and anti-shearing ability were increased firstly and reduced. And the content of water holding agent in 0.15%~0.3 % range could Strengthen the anti-scour ability and anti-shearing ability of spray seeding matrix at a certain extent, improve vegetation growth and protection to soil face. And the anti-scour ability and anti-shearing ability of different structural spray seeding matrix strengthened with time increase, and the change of water holding agent content had no influence on temporal dynamic change tend of the anti-scour ability and anti-shearing ability .(2) Effect of water holding agent on the plant growth①The average germination rate and seedling height were higher than soil treatment. With increasing holding agent content, the germination rate and seedling height were increased firstly and reduced. The maximum germination rate of trifolium repens(12.6%)、amorpha(74%) and ryegrass (19%),were on 0.3% content of water holding, but the maximum germination rate of calliopsis was on 0.2% content. The highest tall of 4 species were not on same water holding agent content, and the seedling height were not obvious different on different water holding agent content. So the effect of water holding agent content on seedling height was limit, and if achieved some peak, increasing water holding agent would decreased seedling height.②Water holding agent can field capacity. As a whole, the higher content of water holding agent, the seedling fade rates of 4 vegetations were lower on same time. On the same water holding agent content, the fade rates of 4 species vegetation were: calliopsis> ryegrass>trifolium repens> amorpha. Using Tukey multiple comparison method found that the water holding agent could prolong vegetation growth period.(3) Effect of water holding agent on the plant physiology①The paper analyzed the diurnal change of photosynthesis and transpiration of 4 trees. The results indicated that all photosynthesis and transpiration rates of amorpha displayed two-peak pattern, the other 3 trees were one-peak pattern. The peak always present in 10:00~12:00. When the diurnal change of photosynthesis and transpiration were two-peak pattern, the second peak was lower than first one. In enough water condition, the effects of water holding agent content on 4 trees were same. With the content increasing the peak rates of 4 trees presented on different time and the change trend did not same also. The different water holding agent made the photosynthesis and transpiration rate of 4 trees displayed at three levels. Too low or more were had negative effect on photosynthesis and transpiration of vegetation. And the results showed that the 0.15%,0.2%,0.3% were best content for 4 vegetation growth.②The WUE of 4 trees were different in different water holding agent, and the diurnal change of WUE appeared obvious fluctuations, and the effect of water holding agent content on WUE did not show regularity. The paper data showed that the 4 selected trees had high water using efficiency , and all were adapt to be planted in arid soil condition area.(4) Effect of water holding agent on the water dynamic change of spray seeding matrix①The water dynamic change of spray seeding matrix with different water holding agent content were same in germination and growth period. With the content increasing, the water content of spray seeding matrix decreasing trend become slowly, and the holding water ability of spray seeding matrix strengthened, the high water time increased. But the effect of tree species was weaker.②The diurnal change of spray seeding matrix of 4 species trees were same, all were contrary with temperature. Using water holding agent could reduce water evaporation of spray seeding matrix, and enforced the water holding ability. If the water holding agent content was bigger, the evaporation water was smaller.(5) The effect of microorganism weathering to rock①The interactions between minerals and microbes, which occur widely in nature and directly result in dissolution and formation of minerals, have profound impact on the environment. Several microorganisms are isolated from the dolomite from Mufu mountain Nanjing city. Total 14 high activity microorganism strains, the 6 strains of bacteria and 8 strains of fungi. By the Microscopic observation and physiological biochemical tests, train bacteria-1 and bacteria-2 belonged to Psuedomonas, strain fungi-3 and fungi-4 were belonged to Aspergillus, fungi-5 and fungi-6 were belonged to Trichoderma and Penicillium.②The analysis indicates the growth of microorganism on rock weathering outdo obviously. Weathering can be accelerated through the direct contact with microbes, the secretion enzyme and acidic organic-matters from the microorganisms.Comprehensively evaluate effect of water holding agent content on plant growth、plant physiology and structure of spray seeding matrix, the water holding agent content of spray seeding matrix among the 0.15%~0.3% range can improve structure of spray seeding matrix and germination rate, reduce spray seeding matrix loss. So the water holding agent content of external-soil spray seeding project in Jiangsu province should in this range. At same time, reference perpetual greening technique of Japan, add soil fungi in spray seeding matrix to improve the rock slope-spray seeding matrix interface integration, achieve the perpetual greening on damaged mountain body.更多还原