【作者】 顾辉；

【导师】 仇立平；

【作者基本信息】 上海大学 ， 社会学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 当前,我国教育规模的扩大并没有促进教育在社会阶层间的均衡分布,调查发现,学生的教育获得与家庭的社会阶层地位存在对应关系,社会中、上层家庭的子女保持着教育获得的优势。现代社会,教育获得与个人的社会阶层定位存在着密切的关系,教育已经成为人们获得未来社会阶层地位的必要手段,因此,教育获得在各个阶层之间的不平等分布,在一定程度上预演了社会阶层的再生产。本文通过对教育过程的挖掘,发现教育获得与阶层背景之间的对应关系包含着隐含于教育过程中的一整套机制与策略,通过这些,教育在一定程度上再生产了现存的社会阶层关系。在整个教育过程中,高中阶段作为大学教育的准备阶段,在个人获得高等教育并进而影响未来社会阶层定位上发挥着重要的作用,因此,本文选取了高中这个教育阶段,以H市两所学校为样本进行了探索性研究,在吸收和借鉴布迪厄文化再生产理论的基础上,深化对教育过程的挖掘,从家庭和学校两个教育场域探讨社会阶层再生产的机制与途径。在我国,学校分流首先是一种由国家利益主导的制度安排及长期历史变迁的结果。在国家有意识的利益导向下,重点学校和普通中学的资本获取和动员能力不断分化。重点中学更容易获得政府各种教育资源投入以及相关政策倾斜,更重要的是,它能够成功地将这种制度资本转化为学校的经济资本、文化资本和社会资本,而普通中学在这些方面处于劣势。在教育资源悬殊的情况下,不同学校长期形成了与其教育地位相一致的一系列学校文化。调查发现,重点学校和普通学校教师和学生呈现的文化差异对应了来自相应阶层教师和学生在家庭中习得的文化惯习,而家庭中阶层惯习的习得又是家庭资本长期投入和转化的结果。从家庭角度观察教育过程中的阶层再生产,我们发现上层家庭往往能够成功地将其丰富的经济资本、文化资本和社会资本转化为子女的文化资本并进而获得优质的学校教育;下层家庭不仅缺乏各种形式的资本,而且这种资本转化能力弱,子女更容易分流到普通学校。上层家庭中各种资本转化为子女的教育投资适应了学校的文化需求,学校教育依赖的正是源自上层家庭成员各种资本转化为与学校文化相适应的文化资本。显然,下层家庭的学生在这种资本转化和适应学校文化过程中处于弱势,他们不得不付出了比上层学生更多的努力,即便如此,在学校内部的分层策略下,他们往往处于学校分层秩序的边缘地位。在学校教育过程中,以学业成绩为标准的教育选拔和分流掩盖了家庭资本数量及其转化能力与学校分层等级具有的对应关系。同时,学校内部也在不断地制造与社会阶层相一致的等级,这种制造过程同样掩盖在学生不同的禀赋、努力和欲求导致的结果之下。学校不断制造“好生”与“差生”的角色分层、“好班”与“差班”的班级分层,“重点学科”与“非重点学科”的学科分层等等。各种形式的学校内部分层与社会阶层之间的对应关系似乎是学校教育自然产生的结果,实际上,学校通过隐蔽的、不为人们察觉的方式强化了这种分层对应关系,参与了社会阶层的再造,并且通过一系列的规训手段强化学生对于这种等级制的认受。通过分析我们发现,尽管高中的教育获得不能决定学生未来的社会阶层地位定位,但是在这个教育阶段,各个阶层的子女已经开始了明显的分化,这种分化延续和强化了教育的社会阶层不平等,并在一定程度上再生产了社会阶层。教育的社会阶层再生产掩盖在家庭和学校的一系列教育策略中,学生的教育地位获得既是家庭资本转化的结果,也是学校分类教育的结果,而学校的分类术依据又是隐藏在社会阶层背后的文化基础。学校教育与家庭背景之间形成了一种默契的对应关系,共同把学生推向设定好的阶层流动轨道。至此,我们通过对国内两所高中的研究在一定范围内检验了布迪厄文化再生产理论在中国的适用性,为进一步深化教育与社会阶层关系研究奠定了基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 At present, the expansion of education scale doesn’t promote education distribution in the balance between social class, the investigation found that student’s schooling and family’s social class were Corresponding, the upper and middle family’s children kept the advantages of education. Modern society, schooling has a close relationship of individuals’orientation of social class, education has become a necessary means of locating one’s social class status, therefore,unequal distribution of education between the social class, previewed the reproduction of social class to a certain extent. Based on the analysis of educational process ,we found that the correspondence between education’s receiving and social background implied a set of mechanisms and strategies in the education process, through which, education reproduced the existing social strata’s relationship to some extent. In the whole process of education, high school as a preparatory stage of university education, played an important role in access to higher education and thus affecting the future orientation of social class. Therefore, this article selected high school and conducted an exploratory study to the two school samples in H city .It absorb and learn from Bourdieu’s theory in cultural reproduction, based on the educational process, It deepen the excavation of the social class reproduction mechanisms from the family and school.In China, school classification is the first led by the national interests of institutional arrangements and the results of long-term historical changes. In the nation-oriented interest, the key schools and ordinary schools’mobilization of capital continued differentiation. Key schools are easy to get all kinds of resources and related preferential policies from government, More importantly, it can successfully transform the system of capital for the school’s economic capital, cultural capital and social capital, but ordinary schools are at a disadvantage in these areas. In the case of disparity in educational resources, different schools formed the school culture in line with their educational status. The survey found that key schools and ordinary schools’teachers and students show the cultural differences which correspond to the cultural habitus learned in the family, the class habitus is the result of long-term family capital investment and transformation.Angle from the family education, We found that upper families often successfully transformed the rich economic capital, cultural capital and social capital into their children’s cultural capital and thus receive a good education; Lack of capitals, the lower family’s transforming ability is weak, their children are easily diverted to the ordinary schools. Upper family’s ability of capital adapt to the school’s culture, school education relies on the consistency of family and school culture. Obviously, the lower students Performed weak in the process of capital transformation and adaptation to school culture, they had to pay more than the efforts of top students, even so, in the hierarchical strategy within school, they are often in a marginalized order.In the process of school education, the selection and separation which measured by academic standards of education covered up the corresponding relationship between the number of capital and its’ability to transform in the family and School Culture. Meanwhile, the inner school is continually manufacturing the consistent level of social class, this manufacturing process also covered in the students’different temperament, efforts and desires. Schools keep creating hierarchical level of "good students" and "poor students" role, class stratification of "good Class" and "poor class" ,subjects stratification of "key discipline" and "non-key subjects”. Various forms correspondence between schools’stratification and social classes seems to be the natural result, In fact, the school enhanced correspondence by subtle way, involved in the reconstruction of social class ,and through a series of disciplinary measures to strengthen the students admitted for this hierarchy.Through analysis we found, although high school education was not determine one’s future social class position, in this stage of education, all Strata have begun a clear differentiation. This division continued and strengthened social class inequalities in education, and reproduced the social class to some extent. Reproduction of education and social class was covered on a series of educational strategy, educational status of students was the result of both domestic capital transformation and the classification of schools of education, the school’s classification technique is based on the cultural basis of family. School education and family background formed a tacit agreement, push the students to the setting track of social mobility. Thus, we examined the applicability of Bourdieu’s cultural reproduction theory in a certain range from two high schools in China, further deepen the research of relationship between education and social class.更多还原