【作者】 孙祥伟；

【导师】 朱子彦；

【作者基本信息】 上海大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 汤寿潜是近代早期维新派的代表人物之一,又是江浙立宪运动的领袖,是清末立宪派中唯一与戊戌变法和立宪运动相始终并经历了辛亥革命的重要人物。汤寿潜早年深受浙东经世实学的影响,后来从事政治和教育活动,又成为西学的积极主张者。汤寿潜1890年以《危言》的发表奠定了其维新思想家的地位,他坚信从传统文化中寻求思想资源以拯救当时面临的社会危机,同时坚持“西学中源观”,对西艺、西学、西政都有所借鉴,从发表《危言》,力倡维新到参与组织预备立宪公会、倡导国会请愿运动、参与辛亥革命到最后归隐乡里,不问政事,其人生经历是清末东南精英群体参与维新、立宪、革命等的政治与社会活动的缩影和个案,在思想史上具有典范意义。本文将汤寿潜的经历、活动、著作、思想放在整个社会时代背景下进行考察,并尽可能将其思想与所生活的历史环境相契合,围绕近代中西文化冲突和中国现代化问题,探讨汤寿潜思想发展的脉络与内在底蕴。同时在研究过程中,注意与其他派别如洋务派、顽固派、清流派的联系与区别,以及与其他维新思想家的比较研究,力求从共性中发现个性,以确定其在中国近代思想史上的地位和价值。我在研究过程中首先界定东南文化精英这一历史概念,然后从时间与空间两个维度向纵深推进。在第二章中,主要概述汤寿潜生平事迹和著作,以此作为线索,提示全篇。从第三章开始通过其在东南互保、预备立宪、保路运动、辛亥革命中的活动对其展开深入研究。汤寿潜的一生基本上走了一个“人”字型的道路,早年参加科举走上仕途,认识到仕途险恶的他投身文化教育领域,但是封建士绅治国平天下的理想(或许是士大夫的社会使命感与责任感)使其欲罢不能,经历了东南互保——预备立宪——保路运动——辛亥革命,终于使其达到政治生涯的顶峰,先后出任浙江都督和民国临时政府交通总长(未就职)。但是政治斗争的残酷与黑暗使其选择了急流勇退与归隐,从他的别名丙僧,字翼仙、蛩仙,以及出生之日其父遇到僧人的传说我们可以推测,其思想中既有积极入世的一面,还有传统士大夫固有的“穷者独善其身,达则兼及天下”的理念。汤寿潜晚年较少关注社会时事,但其隐居乡里期间仍改坝为桥、创办小学、留下戒子遗嘱等表明他始终保持士绅本色,仍然值得后人称道。笔者借鉴类型学的方法,将张謇、郑孝胥、沈瑜庆、张元济、蔡元培、陈三立、何嗣焜、赵凤昌、刘锦藻等文化精英归纳为东南精英群体,并以汤寿潜为中心,探讨该群体的兴衰荣辱的过程,从而对中国近代社会转型期士绅阶层在重大历史事件上的分离聚合所折射出的世变与士变,进行较为翔实的检讨,以深化对过渡时期历史的认识与思辨。中国近代面临数千年未有之大变局,特别是清末民初的中国面临从传统社会向近代社会的转型。除极少数顽固分子外,大部分文化精英主张改变现状,向西方学习,他们曾经对预备立宪抱有极大的希望,但是清廷实施亲贵集权,成立“皇族内阁”,使他们大失所望。当时流亡海外康有为、梁启超与孙中山等革命派积极发动舆论,在国内掀起武装起义,鼓吹反满革命,革命浪潮一日千里,不可遏抑,许多文化精英被裹挟其间,成为革命的同路人。作为一场早熟的革命,由于准备不足,造成社会秩序的脱序与失范、社会重心的失坠。文化精英面对理想与现实的反差,不愿意全盘西化,又对现状不满,内部发生巨大分化：第一种以郑孝胥、严复、罗振玉、沈曾植等人为代表,对清廷与传统文化十分眷恋,成为晚清遗民；第二种以汤寿潜、张謇、熊希龄、张元济等人为代表,他们远离政治,回归绅士本位,从事文化教育或慈善事业以造福社会,以另外一种形式实践其文化理想；第三种以蔡元培、谭延闿等人为代表,激流勇进,成为革命元勋,但也被边缘化。本文以汤寿潜为个案进行考察,最后总结其思想特质：汤寿潜类型的东南文化精英群体在中国近代社会转型的过渡时期,其思想呈现出适应性与时代性的特征,不时表现出前进与保守的困惑,他们随着时代的发展,由历史舞台的前沿逐渐退至幕后,反映了社会时代的变化及其所代表的东南文化精英的兴盛与落寞,最终被革命派精英所取代,这本身也是近代中国社会的新陈代谢的缩影。更多还原

【Abstract】 Tang Shouqian is one of the early reformer in modern times, and eschewing the constitutional movement leader, is the only one of the Qing dynasty in the consulting Department and the reform movement and Constitutionalism movement phase always and has gone through an important figure in the revolution. Tang Shouqian was Seriously affected by the Zhedong School of Chinese, and later engaged in political and educational activities, and become an active advocate of Western civilization. The "Weiyan" of publishment by Tang Shouqian has established the position of the reformists in 1890, he firmly believed that traditional culture in ideological resources to save lives at the time of the social crisis, while adhering to the Western Concept from Chinese, referring the Western art, Western Culture, Western political system, from the launch of the "Weiyan" to widen participation in the Organization of the constitutional Association, the advocates congressional protest, participate in the revolution to the final withdrawal of the country, the conduct of public affairs, their life experience is conservative elites to participate in the constitutional reform revolutionary political and social activities in miniature and cases in history has exemplified the significance.The article will discuss on Tang Shouqian experiences, activities, books, mind on the entire social background investigation, and as far as possible be thought and the historic environment, revolving around the conflict between Chinese and Western cultures and modern problems, discussing the Tang Shouqian thought development ideas and internal Foundation. At the same time in the course of the study, noting other factions such as westernization, diehands, Ching genre of similarity and difference, as well as with other comparison of the reformists, striving to discover from common to determine their personality in the history of the position and value.I prepared to study from time and space in two dimensions forward. In the first chapter, mainly an overview of Tang Shouqian biographies and works as a clue, prompting the whole article. From chapterⅡbegan its South East fidelity, constitutionalism, " Maintaining road movement", the revolution of activities to study them in detail. Tang Shouqian life had basically gone a "human" face of road that early to attend Imperial on career, recognizing that his career after the ugly, but in the field of culture and education of feudal country gentry world vision (perhaps the social mission and responsibility) makes them go through the Southeast mutual insurance constitutionalism-Maintaining road movement-Xinhai revolution, and finally to achieve a political career, has held the military Governor of Zhejiang and Chief of the provisional Government of the Republic of China (not inaugural traffic). But the political struggle of cruel and darkness to select leaving Politics and returning to his small name of monks, Word magazine, family meconematidae from fairy wings, and the birth of its parent encountered monk legends we can speculate that it’s both positive aspects of the hermitting, there is no music scholars (there is a substantial likelihood of its early life and family education). Their lives less concerned about social issues, but its reclusive country period to dam owned by the bridge, founded the lazuli primary, leaving a will and other activities that are still not forgotten its gentry, still be Commendable by worthy ancestors.I think:the reference typological approach, the elite group of south-east of this historical concept, writer and interpersonal Tang Shouqian make friends as the center, Zhang Jian, Zheng Xu, Shen Yu Qing, Zhang Yuan-ji, Tsai Yuan-pei, Chen San-li, He Si-Kun, ZHAO Feng-chang, LIU Jin-zhao and other cultural elites summed up as the South East elite groups, and to Tang Shouqian as the center, to explore the vicissitudes of the group process, and thus of modern Chinese society in transition, the gentry class in the major historical events on the separation of polymer by the reflection of the world changed with disabilities change, to deepen the historical transition understanding and speculation.This social transformation in the end of the Qing period, China faced an unprecedented national crisis. Except for a few diehards, most of them cultural elites in favor of changing the status quo, learning from the West, they had a constitutional right preparation have a great hope, but the Qing court estimated that vested interests, set up a "royal cabinet," so that they disappointed. Kang and Liang and the students were from overseas groups and Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries to actively mobilize public opinion and launched an armed uprising in the country and advocated anti-full revolution, the rapid revolution can not be halted, so that many cultural elites have coerced during a revolution, soul mates. As a premature revolution, due to lack of preparation, resulting in the disorder and the social order, anomie and social center of gravity of the loss of fall. Cultural elite of the contrast between idealism and reality, unwilling to total Westernization, but also dissatisfaction with the status quo, internal undergoing major differentiation:the first one to Zheng Xu, Yan Fu, Luo Zhenyu, Shen-sik, man-made representative of the Qing court and the traditional culture of the sentimentally attached to as the late Qing Dynasty; the second to Tang Shouqian, Zhang Jian, Xiong Xiling, Zhang Yuan-ji and other man-made representation, they are far away from politics and return to a gentleman the whole nation, engaging in cultural and educational or charitable purposes for the benefit of society to another form of practice, its cultural ideals; The third to Tsai Yuan-pei, Tan Yankai artificial containers such as representatives of whitewater-Yong Jin, a revolutionary fathers, but also of being marginalized.In this paper, Tang Shouqian examination of the case, concluded their ideological characteristics:Tang Shouqian types of south-eastern cultural elite groups in the transformation of modern Chinese society during the transitional period, his thinking has shown contradictory and ambiguous nature of the characteristics from time to time to show progress with the conservative confusion, With the development of the times they are from the stage of history behind the forefront of a gradual retreat, reflecting the social changes of the times and what it represents the rise of the constitutional faction elite and lonely, was eventually replaced by revolutionary elites, which itself is a modern Chinese society metabolism in miniature.更多还原