【作者】 花卫华；

【导师】 吴信才；

【作者基本信息】 中国地质大学 ， 地图制图学与地理信息工程， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 随着地质行业信息化程度的不断提高,三维地质建模技术得到了不断的发展,并逐渐成为矿山地质、城市地质、岩土工程等领域的研究热点,在一系列关系到国计民生的重大领域中的应用越来越广泛。通过利用地质数据,建立多约束的地下复杂三维地质结构模型,可以辅助地质专业人员对地质空间实体的空间结构和地质拓扑关系有一个直观的认识,增强对复杂地质构造的理解和判别能力,为实际的研究工作提供验证和解释。在此基础上进行灵活方便的地质分析,为制定科学合理的地下空间开发利用规划和区域发展规划提供决策依据。三维地质建模所依赖的地质数据源有很多：钻孔数据、地质剖面图、地层顶板等值线图、断层和褶皱等构造数据等。钻孔数据反映了在勘探点位置上的详细地层分层,属于高可信度数据,钻孔点位的疏密程度将决定三维地质模型的精细程度；剖面图反映了建模区域内的整个地层框架结构,是整个建模数据源中比较复杂的一类,它来自于钻孔信息和物探解释资料,在剖面图上也可反映断裂构造信息,而且剖面图在成图过程中还引入了地质专家的知识经验；中段图数据反映了地层在某一深度的水平面上的地层分区情况,其中既有原始的地质信息,也包含了地质专家的经验；地层顶板等值线数据主要由测量点和钻孔分层数据追踪而来,包含了地质专家的知识,反映了单个地层面的起伏形态；断裂和褶皱等构造数据主要来源于地球物理的解释数据,可信度不高,但是它的引入会增加建模的复杂度。多源地质数据的提取和融合采用MapGIS K9的数据中心中的框架+插件的数据管理模式,支持建模数据源的动态扩展。多约束条件下的复杂三维地质结构模型快速构建方法主要思路是：采用不规则三角网数据模型,综合分析各个建模数据源的特性,论文以交叉网格状的地质剖面数据为主体,根据交叉剖面确定建模区域的空间结构,划分出田字状的模型单元格,在单元格内同时约束其他各类地质建模数据源。对建模数据源进行数据融合和归并,形成单元格内的建模点状数据源和线状数据源。通过快速搜索单元格内每个地层融合后的点线数据源,自上而下逐次建立单元格内每个地层的地质面模型。在建立地质面的模型过程中,根据算法提供的三维地质模型交互编辑工具,允许地质专业人员适时加入约束信息或调整建模参数,修正或光滑地质面模型。所有单元格内的地质面模型都建立结束后,合并单元格之间的同种地层属性的地质面,并利用地层编辑工具和地质面相交处理工具切断相交的地质面模型,保证地质面的空间拓扑正确性。最后算法根据地质面的空间拓扑规律自动构建整个建模区域的所有地质体,并给地质体赋于地层的相关属性。复杂地质体的块体构建体现在这几个方面：建模数据源快速引入、建模数据源的快速融合、基于地层属性和空间条件快速搜索融合后的建模数据源以及基于地质面拓扑的快速构建。建立的地质体随着建模数据源的更新和新约束的建模数据源的加入,模型在局部会发生变化,需要重构。论文通过提供三维地质模型地质点、地质线、地质面和地质体的多种编辑工具,提供对模型的局部交互式编辑,并通过地质体的布尔运算等方法,解决了地质体重构后的空间冲突问题。三维地质模型建立之后是否能够进行模型定量分析,取决于模型的建模精度。论文先从模型的建模数据源和建模过程分析了模型误差产生的原因,论述了针对三维地质模型的质量评估方法。论文分析了建模初始数据的误差检测和建模中间结果的误差检测方法,并讨论了模型的误差修正技术。基于高精度的三维地质模型,论文研究了模型的定量分析方法,主要包括：三维模型的交互工具和三维模型的查询、三维模型的任意方式的切割、地质体的交叉并布尔运算、三维模型生成二维地质图件、模型长度、方向、面积和体积计算方法、结构模型与属性模型的融合可视化与分析方法以及通过模型网格剖分并结合具体地质专业的专业分析计算方法。论文在充分吸收国内外三维地质模拟发展前沿及其研究成果的基础上,围绕在多约束条件下快速建模和高质量建模这两个基本点,详细阐述了论文采用的数据模型,分析了建模过程中面临的一系列技术难题,结合不同地区的地质特点进行建模试验,验证建模算法的效率和精度。论文从以下方面进行了研究工作：(1)从三维地质数据源信息的表述、三维地质结构建模和相关软件应用的研究等多个层面来讨论复杂三维地质结构建模技术的研究情况,充分比较和分析了现有数据模型的优缺点,提出多约束地质数据条件下的基于地质要素的TIN网模型作为建模中的三维数据模型,阐述了模型对方向及拓扑的处理,确定了本论文的主要研究目标、研究内容。(2)分析了多约束下多源地质数据的各自特点,提出在一个建模区域内,各种数据源必须在同一个标准地层的参数控制指导之下.。详细阐述了多源数据的标准化方法,和基于框架插件式的数据提取、数据检查和一致性处理方案,提出多约束下复杂地质结构模型构建所依赖的三维要素模型,为多源地质数据融合的实践提供了新的方法思路。(3)提出一套适合不同地区地质特点的多约束下复杂地质结构快速建模方法,研究在确保模型精度的前提下,尽量减少人工交互建模的工作量,提高模型的建模效率。建模算法以交叉剖面网格数据为核心数据源,整个算法突出快速和支持定量分析两个特点,重点研究了多约束数据融合下的含断裂等复杂构造现象的复杂地质面快速构建方法和三维模型局部重构方法。(4)在分析三维地质模型误差来源的基础上,讨论了三维地质模型的质量评价方法和理论。论文分析了三维地质模型的误差产生的原因,提出了模型误差检测的方法；在此基础上,归纳出了模型的质量评价理论。并从几个方面论述了模型误差的修正方法,如地质剖面修正法和虚拟孔修正法等。(5)在高质量三维地质结构模型基础上,研究了三维模型定量分析方法。论文研究了三维地质模型的切割技术,包括任意切割面的构建、地质模型的任意面切割、地质体的布尔运算和基于三维模型的平面图和剖面图的生成等。介绍了三维地质模型的数学量算方法：空间距离与方向量算、面积量算、体积量算、产状计算与查询等。并对结构模型与属性模型的融合分析进行了讨论,阐述了结构模型与属性模型的融合可视化技术和结构模型约束下的属性建模与统计分析。并结合地质专业给出了三维地质结构模型的专业计算方法：先进行三维地质结构模型的单元剖分,然后进行专业计算,如工程地质的应力分析技术、水文地质的地下水流分析等。概括起来,本论文的主要成果和创新点主要为：(1)提出以交叉剖面数据为主体,涵盖多源地质数据的复杂地质结构的数据模型,研究这种数据模型中的要素组织方法和空间拓扑规则。(2)提出多约束地质数据下的的复杂地质结构快速建模方法,既保证模型的精度,又能保证建模的效率。(3)研究了多种三维地质结构模型的定量分析方法,如模型计算、模型切割和结合专业的三维地质模型的评价分析研究。(4)以多约束、快速和高质量为主要目标,研制了多约束下复杂地质模型构建与定量分析原型系统。论文在研究过程中,采取建模方法技术研究和实际应用相结合的思想,取得一定的结论和成果,丰富了三维地质模拟的研究方法,也为后期通用的三维智能地学建模系统的研究提供建设经验。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the degree of geological industry information continuous improvement, three-dimensional geological modeling technology has been continuously developed, which has become the research focus in mine geology, urban geology, geotechnical engineering and other fields.which applied more and more widely in a series major areas related to the people’s livelihood.A multi-constrained underground complex three-dimensional model of the geological structure can be build through the use of geological data, and geological professionals can have an intuitive understanding of the geological structure of space and geo-spatial entities, topological relations, and enhance the understanding of complex geological structure and the ability of distinguish, which can provide validation and interpretation for the actual research work.Based on this, we can analysis the geological flexible and convenient, which help for decision-making for the utilization of underground space planning and regional development scientifically and rationally.There are many kinds of geological data sources which three-dimensional geological modeling relied on, including:borehole data, geological cross-section map, contour map, faults and folds and other structural data. Borehole data is a kind of high creditable data, which reflects the position of the detailed exploration of layered strata. The final level of three-dimensional geological model is determined by the density of the drill point; profile data, which comes from drilling information and geophysical interpretation, is a kind of complex data in the whole modeling sources-data, and reflects the whole stratum framework of the modeling region. The profile also reflects the fault structure information, and also introduces the geological expert knowledge and experience in the mapping; the middle of map data reflect the formation of the horizontal surface at a depth of the stratum area, which not only include the original geological information, but also contains the geological expert experience; formation of roof contour data mainly tracked by measuring point and drilling from hierarchical data, which including the geological knowledge of experts, faults and folds and other structural data comes mainly from the interpretation of geophysical data, but the credibility is low. However, but it’s introduction will increase the complex of the geo-model. Using data centers of MapGIS K9+plug-in framework for data management, multi-source geological data extraction and integration can support the dynamic expansion of modeling data sources.The main idea of building the multi-constrained model of the complex three-dimensional geological structure quickly is:use the triangulated irregular network as the data model, analysis the characteristics of the various modeling data sources comprehensively, use cross-grid of the geological cross-section of data as the main body,, carve out of fields like the model of the word cell in the cell simultaneously according to cross-profiles to determine the spatial structure of regional modeling,and bind other types of geological modeling of data sources. Fusion and merging the modeling-data, point-like data sources and linear data sources are formed, then build each successive establishment of the cell-surface model the geological strata from top to bottom by quick search the dotted line data sources of each stratum. In the process of the establishment of the geological surface model, geological constraint information professionals are allowed to use the interactive editing tools of three-dimensional geological modeling which provided by algorithms, and add or adjust the model parameters immediately, which in order to amend or smooth the geological surface model. When all cells of the geological surface model have been established, we merger the same kinds of geological formation properties of surfaces, cut off the intersection of geological surface model by using editing tools and geological strata intersecting surface processing tools to ensure that the geological surface space topological correctness. Finally, we build all the geological body of the entire modeling region automatically by algorithms which based on the laws of geological surface space topology, and assign to the geologic body formation associated attributes. The building of complex geological body block is reflected in these areas:the rapid introduction of modeling data sources, rapid integration of data sources, quick search fused modeling data sources based on conditions of formation properties and spatial and rapid construction based on the geological surface topology.With the update of modeling data source and new constraint modeling data source joined in, the model will be changed in the local, and need be reconstructed. This paper has reconstructed the geological body space conflict by providing three-dimensional geological model of the geological point of geological lines, geological surfaces and a variety of geological bodies editing tools, which providing a partial model of an interactive editing, and through geological bodies Boolean operations.Can the establishment of three-dimensional geological model be carried out quantitative analysis of models or not depends on accuracy of the modeling. This paper has discussed the causes of model errors form modeling data sources and modeling analysis of three-dimensional geological model of quality assessment methods, and discussed the technology of model error correction. Based on the high-precision three-dimensional geological model, paper model of quantitative analysis of research methods are represented, including:interactive and query tools of three-dimensional model, three-dimensional model cross-cutting with arbitrary mode, and Boolean operations between geological body, the algorithm of three-dimensional model of generate two-dimensional geologic maps, the method of model length, direction, area and volume calculations, structural model and attribute model of the integration of visualization and analysis methods, as well as the professional analysis method through the model mesh generation in combination with the specific geology.This paper in the full three-dimensional geologic simulation in the absorption and the research results home and abroad, based on the multi-constraint conditions around the rapid modeling and high-quality modeling as two basic points, elaborating the data model, analysis a series of technical problems faced in the process of modeling, verify the efficiency and accuracy of modeling algorithms by combining different parts of the geological characteristics of model. The research work is as follows:(1) Discuss the three-dimensional geological modeling technology research status from the expression of geological information from the three-dimensional, three-dimensional geological model construction and related software and applications research in the field, and fully comparison and analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of existing data model, proposed multi-constrained under the condition of geological data elements of the TIN network which based on geological model as three-dimensional model data, described right direction and handling of topology of the model, and identified the main research objective and contents of this paper.(2) Analysis the multi-source geo-data multi-constrained in their own characteristics and offered in a modeling area, a variety of data sources must be in the same parameter controlled by a standard formation. The method of guidance and detailed standardization of multi-source data and frame-based plug-in data extraction, data checking and consistency of treatment options,and raise more constraints to build a complex geological structure of the model which is depended on three-dimensional factor model, and provides a new way of thinking for multi-source data fusion of the practice of geology.(3) Propose a set of rapid modeling methods suitable for different geological characteristics and different regions of the multi-constraints of a complex geological structure, study how to minimize human interaction modeling, and how to improve the efficiency of modeling at the premise of ensuring model accuracy. Cross-section of grid data is the core data source of this algorithm, quickly and support the quantitative analysis is the two important characteristic. This paper focuses on with fracture under the complexity of the phenomenon of complex geological structures quickly build method and three-dimensional surface model reconstruction partially method based on multi-constrained data fusion.(4) Discuss the three-dimensional geological model of quality evaluation methods and theories with the analysis of three-dimensional geological model based on the sources of error. We analyze the causes of errors of the three-dimensional geological model, and put forward methods of error detection, and summed up the quality of the model evaluation theory, Discussed the model error correction methods from several aspects, such as the method of geological cross-section and the method of virtual-hole amendment act amended.(5) Study of quantitative analysis method of the geological structure based on the high-quality three-dimensional model. In this paper, we discussed the thesis of the cutting technology of the three-dimensional geological model, including the construction of an arbitrary cut surface, an arbitrary surface cutting of the geological model, Boolean operations between geological bodies and plans and profile generation based on three-dimensional model, and so on. Describes the calculation method of the three-dimensional geological model, include the calculation of space distance and direction, area measuring and calculation, volume calculation, production-like computing and inquiries. Discuss the amalgamation of the structure model and attribute model, and the visualization technology, and the modeling of structural properties and statistical analysis. Present the professional calculation method of three-dimensional model of the geological structure combination with geological expertise:first, the geological structure of the cell subdivision of three-dimensional model, and then a professional analysis, such as engineering stress analysis of geological, hydrological and geological groundwater flow analysis.To sum up, the main results and innovation of this paper are as follows:(1) The complex geological structure of the model is presented, which cross-profile data as the main geological data and covering the multi-source data.Analysis the elements of this data model and the spatial topological rules.(2) The method of rapid modeling of the complex geological structures by using the multi-constrained geological data is presented, which not only guarantee the accuracy of the model, but also to ensure the efficiency.(3) Study a variety of three-dimensional geological structure model of quantitative analysis methods, such as the model calculation, model cutting and model analysis combined the professional evaluation of three-dimensional geology.(4) Complex multi-constrained geological model building and quantitative analysis of prototype system are developed, the main goal of which is multi-constrained, fast and high-quality.In this study, we combined our modeling methods and techniques and practical application, got some certain findings and results, extensive the research methods simulation of three-dimensional geological, and also provide experience for the three-dimensional modeling system intelligently science research latterly.更多还原