【作者】 司振强；

【导师】 刘玉廷；

【作者基本信息】 东北财经大学 ， 会计学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 20世纪70年代,布雷顿森林体系解体,世界性石油危机爆发,国际金融竞争加剧,为了规避风险,金融机构开始对传统的金融工具进行创新。然而,金融创新在促进经济发展的同时引发了众多金融危机事件。20世纪80年代发生的美国储贷危机,90年代爆发的巴林银行倒闭案、亚洲金融危机,以及2007年以来爆发的美国次贷危机,一次又一次地对会计准则和金融监管提出了挑战。这些危机事件的爆发,客观上促使会计准则制定者和金融监管者不断寻求能够有效发现和防范金融风险的方法。会计准则制定者通过不断完善金融工具会计准则来提高信息的透明度,并积极推动会计准则的国际趋同,特别是2002年欧盟宣布从2005年起运用国际财务报告准则编制合并会计报表以来,国际财务报告准则的实施范围得到空前扩展,中国也于2006年实现了与国际财务报告准则实质性趋同。金融监管者则通过不断完善金融监管体制和监管方法以提高监管的有效性,金融监管体制逐渐由分业监管体制向混业监管体制过渡。金融监管者在积极推动会计准则全球趋同的同时,对会计准则的制定和实施给予了越来越多的关注。为了更好地发挥会计准则对金融监管的积极作用,避免会计准则对金融稳定产生负面影响,金融监管界近年来开始积极影响会计准则的制定过程,期望会计准则能够朝着有利于金融监管目标的方向发展。例如,2000年欧洲中央银行就曾强烈反对国际会计准则委员会全面实施公允价值计量的议案。为了保护欧盟自身利益和欧盟金融市场竞争力,欧盟在2002年宣布实施国际财务报告准则的同时,对国际财务报告准则引入了认可机制,只有通过认可机制的国际财务报告准则才能在欧盟范围内实施。2004年11月19日,欧盟委员会同意在欧盟范围内采用国际会计准则第39号(IAS39),但有两部分内容被暂时性剥离出IAS39,主要涉及公允价值选择权和套期会计。除了积极影响会计准则的制定过程外,金融监管者还积极采取措施应对会计准则实施可能对金融稳定产生的负面影响。2004年欧盟即将实施国际财务报告准则之际,巴塞尔银行监管委员会发布了三份新闻公报,对国际财务报告准则对银行监管资本的影响进行了调整和消除,随后欧盟银行监管者委员会(CEBS)、英国金融服务局(FSA)、香港金管局(HKMA)、中国银监会(CBRC)等世界主要银行监管者也纷纷采取了类似的监管措施。在美国次贷危机中,面对银行业对公允价值的质疑和可能对金融机构稳定产生的不利影响,美国参众两院表决通过的救援法案中授权美国证监会(SEC)暂停“按市值计价”会计准则；欧盟议会通过了对国际财务报告准则关于对IAS39金融工具分类的修订,避免资产价值在市场动荡中被过于低估,日本和韩国金融监管者也采取了类似的措施。从上面的分析可以看到,会计准则与金融监管之间存在着复杂的关系,会计准则对于金融监管的影响已经成为国际金融监管界普遍关注的问题。而且,随着金融创新的发展,会计准则与金融监管的协调变得越发重要,并已经成为促进经济发展和金融稳定必须解决的重要问题。但一直以来,会计准则与金融监管的协调仅仅限于某个具体的会计问题,一般采取“救火”的方式,还没有形成完整的协调理论体系。因此,系统地研究会计准则与金融监管的关系、会计准则对金融监管产生影响的根源,以及如何协调会计准则和金融监管的关系,对于促进会计准则的发展完善、维护金融稳定都有着重要的现实意义。本论文主要采用了规范研究的方法,从理论层面对会计准则与金融监管的关系进行了规范性研究。这主要是由于会计准则引起的监管问题,往往体现在了个别会计议题中,而随着会计准则对金融监管重要性的提高,越来越多的会计议题可能会产生金融监管问题,因此会计准则与金融监管的关系已经不是某个会计准则的问题,而应该从现象上升到理论的高度,从理论层面分析两者的关系。本论文正是从两个学科理论层面出发,对两者的关系进行了归纳和演绎,使之更加具有普遍性,更有利于从理论层面协调两者的关系、指导实践活动。当然,在论文中也采取了比较分析和案例分析的研究方法。本论文主要包括两方面的内容。一是会计准则与金融监管的关系分析。会计准则和金融监管分属于不同的学科,具有不同理论基础,研究两者的关系必然要涉及对会计准则和金融监管基本理论问题的阐述和归纳,从而为深入分析两者关系提供理论基础。在此基础上,文章对两者的关系进行深入剖析,从理论层面对两者之间存在的依存性、统一性和差异性进行了分析,对目前两者存在的差异性所引发的金融监管问题进行了深入研究。二是会计准则与金融监管的协调研究。针对两者存在的差异性所引发的监管问题,文章从理论的高度提出了协调建议。一方面,会计准则有待于进一步完善以促进金融稳定,另一方面,金融监管者应完善监管政策,消除会计准则对金融稳定产生的负面影响,充分利用会计准则加强金融监管；同时,根据金融创新的发展,完善金融监管体制和监管方法。鉴于目前我国已经开始实施新会计准则,文章对如何促进我国会计准则与金融监管的协调发展提出了建议。通过本论文的研究形成了以下主要结论。一会计所具有的技术性和社会性,决定了会计准则也具有技术性和社会性两个方面,会计准则的技术性最终反映在会计准则的社会性方面,而会计准则的社会性决定着会计准则技术性的发展程度和水平。二会计准则是金融监管的基础条件、重要标准和重要工具,会计准则和金融监管具有统一性。三会计准则与金融监管在某些方面仍然存在差异性,主要体现在信息披露内容、信息质量、审慎性等方面,正是这些差异导致了会计准则可能会对金融稳定产生负面影响。四会计准则与金融监管之间存在的统一性决定了两者是可以协调的。首先,会计准则相关金融监管问题的出现,在一定程度上说明会计准则仍然存在不完善之处,为提高会计准则质量,应通过完善会计准则概念框架、强化会计准则社会目标的指导作用来实现；在具体会计准则制定过程中,会计准则制定者应该充分考虑会计准则可能产生的金融监管问题。其次,由于会计准则不是万能的,因此金融监管者在借助会计准则加强金融监管、对会计准则提出更高要求的同时,也要不断根据金融创新的发展及时完善金融监管体制和监管手段,只有两者共同努力才能实现金融长期稳定。本文的创新之处有三点。一是发现了会计准则相关金融监管问题产生的根本原因。随着国际财务报告准则在全球范围的实施,会计准则相关金融监管问题不断出现,美国次贷危机对公允价值会计的挑战是该问题的集中体现。通过本论文的研究发现,会计准则和金融监管在信息披露内容、信息披露质量和审慎性等方面存在差异,这些差异的存在是导致会计准则相关金融监管问题产生的根本原因。二是寻找到了协调会计准则与金融监管关系的理论基础。本论文通过研究发现,会计准则不仅仅是金融监管的基础条件、重要标准和重要工具,而且两者具有统一性。统一性的存在决定了会计准则与金融监管矛盾并非不可调和的,从而为两者的协调提供了理论基础。三是提出了协调会计准则和金融监管关系的有效方案。通过本论文的研究认为,会计准则和金融监管应加强协调、不断完善,同时两者还应努力消除差异、增进合作,共同促进金融稳定。本论文还存在很多不足,会计准则与金融监管之间的关系研究主要集中在了会计准则与银行监管的研究,并部分涉及到了证券监管,而对于会计准则与保险监管的关系则没有进行深入研究。这主要由于,银行监管和证券监管是金融监管的主体,尤其从国际金融发展来看,以银行为主导和以证券市场为主导的金融体系占据了国际金融发展的主流,中国和欧盟属于以银行为主导的金融发展体系,美国则属于以证券市场为主导的金融发展体系。而且从目前来看,会计准则所产生的金融监管问题主要集中在银行体系和证券市场。因此,为了更好地协调会计准则和金融监管的关系,本文将更多地笔墨用在了银行监管。当然,会计准则与保险监管关系也是值得进行深入研究的,对于促进保险业的稳健发展和保险会计的发展也具有一定的指导意义,这也是本论文的缺憾之处。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the 1970s, the Bretton Woods system of money management broke down, oil crisis erupted, the financial institutions began to innovate new financial instruments based on the tradational instruments in order to evade the risk and promot the economic development. However, financial innovation also has triggered many finacial crisis. American Savings and Loan Crisis occured in 1980s, the collapse of Britain’s Barings Bank in February 1995, 1997 Asian financial crisis, and American suprime crisis since 2007, all these events have challenged the accouting standards and financial supervision, and promoted the accounting standards makers and financial supervisors to find new methods to recognize and guard against financial risk. Accounting standards makers tried to improve the financial instruments accounting standards to raise accounting information transparency, and promoted the convergency of accounting standards actively. Since January 1st 2005, European listed companies published consolidated financial statements based on the new International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs), the range of the IFRSs has been enlarged widely, China also realized the material convergency with IFRSs in 2006. While financial supervisors made efforts to improve the efficiency of financial supervision, and supervision system is tranferring from separated financial supervision to integrated financial supervision.Financial supervisor has paid more and more attention to the accounting standards as well as promoted the accounting standards convergency wordwidely. In order to promote the role of the accounting standards in financial supervision, and evade its negative impact on the financial supervision, financial supervisors have joined and even begun to infulence the making of accounting standards, expected that accounting standards could go right for the finacial stability. For example, ECB had ever opposed the full fair value accounting for all financial instruments in 2000. EC used the endorsement mechanism by which only endorsed IASs/IFRSs can be used in the consolidated accounts in order to protect the interests of the EU and its finacial makets. In November 19th 2004, EC agreed to use the IAS39, but two parts had to been carved out, involving the fair value option and hedging accounting.Besides infulencing the accounting making procedure, financial supervisor has also taken steps to tackle the negative effects of accounting standards on the financial stability. When EU began to use IFRSs, BCBS published three news press to regulate the influences of IFRSs on the banking regulatiory capital, and then CEBS, FAS, HKMA and CBRC also took same actions. In American Suprime Crisis, American congressional leadership issued Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which mandated that SEC may suspend the application of mark-to-maket accounting as provided in statement no.157 of the FASB in order to tackle the negative influence of fair value aconting on the financial stability, EC also agreed the reclassification of financial assets in order to enhance maket and institutional resilience. Financial supervisors in Japan and korean also took similar steps.From above analysis, we can conclude that there are complex relationships between the accounting standards and financial supervision, influences of the accounting standards on the financial supervision has aroused universal concerns of international financial supervisors. Coordination between accounting standards and financial supervision is becoming very important as repaid development of the financial innovation, and must be solved quickly to safeguard financial stability. But coordination is always limited to someone accounting issues, and has not formed a system. So study of the relationships between accounting standards and financial supervision, the origins of influences of the accounting standards on financial supervision, and how to coodinate the relationships between them, are very meaningful for the improvement of accounting standards and maintenance of financial stability.My dissertation mainly uses the normative research method to analysis the realtionships between accounting standards and financial supervision theoretically. Although supervision questions aroused by accounting standards always focus on someone accounting issue, there are more and more accouting issues could arouse the attentions of financial supervisors, so research on the relationships between accounting standards and financial supervision must been raised to the level of theory. So my dissertation use induction and deduction to stuy the relationships between them in order to make the research more universal and even more helpful for coordinating the relationships between them to direct practising. Dissertation also uses methods of comparative analysis and case analysis.My dissertation comprises of two parts. The first part is about analysis of the relationships between accounting standards and financial supervision. As we all know that, accounting and financial supervision belong in different scientific principles, have different theoretical basis, so anaylsis in basic theory of accounting and financial supervision is necessary,which provides basis for make further research on the relationships of them. By researching, dissertation finds that there are close relationships between accounting standards and financial supervision including dependency, congruity and diversity, and existing diversities has given rise to many problems for financial supervision. Dissertation make further analysis on these diversities and related problems. The second part is about the coordination of accounting standards and financial supervision. Dissertation puts up suggestions on the corrdination from level of theory. One hand, accounting standards should be improved to promote the financial stability, on other hand, financial supervision should improve regulatory policies, eliminate the negative effects of accounting standards on financial supervision, and take full use of accoutning standards to improve the efficiency of financial supervision. At same time, financial regulatory system and method be impoved in accroding to the development of financial innovations. In addition, dissertation also puts forward some suggestions on how to coordinate the relationships between accounting standards and financial supervision against background of new Chinese Accounting Standards has been carried out since 2007.My dissertation concludes some key decisions. Firstly, accounting has two attributes, technicality and sociality, which determine that accounting standards also have these two attributes. Technicality attribute will finally be reflected in sociality attribute, and sociality attribute will detemine the develpment of the technicality. Secondly, accounting standards is the basis of financial supervision, is one of important standards and tools used by financial supervision. At same time, there are congruities between accounting standards and financial supervision. Thirdly, there are differences between accounting standards and financial supervision, including the content of information disclosure, information quality and prudent, which may make negative effects on financial stability. Fourthly, congruity existing in accouting standards and financial supervision means the possibility of coordination of them. On one hand, the problems aroused by accounting standards mean to some extent that accouting standard still need improving, accounting concept frameworks should be improved to strengthen the social goal’s role of accounting standards to direct the accounting standards making procedures. Accounting standards makers should consider possible negative impact of accouting standards on the financial stability fully. On the other hand, accounting is not everything, so financial supervision should be improved continuely with the development of financial innovation, as same time, strengthen financial supervision with help of accouting standards and demand higher quality information for accounting standards. Cooperation of them is an important way to realize aim of financial supervision.The dissertation comes up innovations in three aspects. Firstly, dissertation finds the root cause of the financial supervision issues caused by the accounting standards. The issues caused by accounting standards was coming up with the implement of the IFRSs, the fair value accounting issue argued in American Suprime Crisis is the embodiment of these issues. Dissertation finds that the differences between accounting standards and financial supervision, including the content of information disclosure, information quality and prudent, lead to the financial supervision issues. Secondly, dissertation finds the theory basis to negotiate the relationships between accounting and fiancial supervision. Accounting standards and financial supervision have complex relationships including dependency, congruity and diversity, congruity means that the contradictory between of them is be resolved, so the congruity existing between of them is the key theory basis to realize the coodination of them. Thirdly, dissertation puts up the proposals to coordinate the relationships between the accounting standards and financial supervision. Dissertation thinks that acounting standards and financial supervision should be improved respectively, coordinate each other, remove the differences, and cooperate tightly to promote the stability of financial syetem. There are many shortcomings of dissertation. The research on the relationships is mainy focusing on the relationships between accounting standards and banking supervision, involving the security supervision partly, and not involving the insurance supervision, the reason is as follows. Banking supervision and security supervision are main part of financial supervision, and bank-led financial syestem and security-led financial syestem are mainstream of international financial development. Financial system of China and EU is dominated by banking sysetem, and American financial system is dominated by security market. In addtion, the problems aroused by accounting are mainly existing in banking and security markets. So dissertation is concentrated on relationships between accounting standards and banking supervision. But I have to recognize that research on relationships between accounting standards and insurance supervision is very meaningful, lacking this part is really a pity.更多还原