【作者】 何平；

【导师】 王全兴；

【作者基本信息】 湖南大学 ， 经济法学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 我国改革开放三十余年来,伴随着持续高速的经济增长,贫困问题已成为日益严重的社会问题。在此背景下,社会救助制度改革正在加快推进。公民的社会救助权虽然已得到宪法的确认和保护,但由于宪法层面的社会救助权向具体法层面转化不够,致使现实生活中公民个人应当享有的社会救助权利难以得到落实,从而影响到处于困境中公民的生存和发展,并影响到经济发展与社会稳定。为此,提出并论证以下命题：宪法层面的社会救助权转化为具体法层面的社会救助权,是社会救助权的实现机制。社会救助权是人权保障和社会保障领域的基本范畴之一,在社会救助法中则是核心范畴。基于社会救助与社会保障、社会救济、社会保险、社会福利社会优抚等概念的辨析,社会救助权与生存权、社会权、社会经济权、社会保障权等概念的辨析,可将社会救助权定义为：公民陷入无法自力克服的生活困境,而向国家和社会请求获得给予无对应条件的、能保障其基本生存要求的物质和服务的权利。社会救助权在本质上反映了人与救助的关系,揭示了人对社会救助的主观需求与社会救助对人的积极意义。故对社会救助权的价值可以从三个层次理解和探求,即公平与效率、人性尊严与人的存在、人的发展与社会发展。其中,公平与效率的辩证统一为社会救助权的基本价值,人性尊严为社会救助的核心价值,而人与社会的和谐发展为社会救助权的最终价值。社会救助权作为基本人权尤其是公民生存权的重要内容,应当属于宪法权利。明确社会救助权的宪法权利属性,意在强调社会救助权是处于基础地位的公民权利,是人类固有的、不可侵犯的和不可剥夺的权利,是人人都享有的普适性权利。在我国,社会救助权作为公民的基本权利已得到宪法的确认和保护,这为社会救助事业的发展奠定了法律基础。社会救助权的宪法权利属性和宪法权利的应然实现机制,决定了国家有责任建立和完善社会救助制度,将宪法层面的社会救助权具体落实在具体法层面。但是,我国宪法层面的社会救助权在具体法层面却严重缺失。其主要表现：一是社会救助权利内容不完整；二是社会救助权利水平低下；三是社会救助权利实现机制有缺漏。究其原因,宪法层面的社会救助权未能在具体法层面实现,是历史、经济、法律制度、管理体制、救助政策、监督体制等多方面因素共同作用所致。社会救助权从宪法层面到具体法层面的转化,依赖于法治的保障和社会救助制度的运行。这就需要以社会救助权的实现为核心,构建一个完备的权利保障法律体系和社会救助制度体系,综合运用立法、执法、司法过程中的各种因素,通过对社会救助权的确认和对社会救助权运行机制的保障,最终实现社会救助权从宪法层面向具体法层面的转化。由于社会救助权本身的综合性和复杂性,其实现机制涉及私法、公法、社会法等多个法律领域,呈现为一个动态的、开放的、发展的体系和过程。其中的重点在于社会救助管理体制的优化、社会救助基金的筹集和安全以及社会救助权的行政和司法救济。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since Chinese reform and opening up in the past thirty years, poverty problem has become an increasing social problem, together with constantly fast growth of economy. Under such sircumstance, the reform of social assistance system is accelerated. Although citizens’right of social assistance has been ensured and protected by the Constitution, the inadequate shift from the right of social assistance in the Constitution to the right of social assistance in substantive laws leads to the difficult implementation of citizens’right of social assistance in practice, so as to impact the citizens’survival and development who are under adversity, and to impact economic development and social stability. So, the proposition of this dissertation is proposed and proved, that is, the realization mechanism of right of social assistance is the shift from the right of social assistance in the Constitution to the right of social assistance in substantive laws.Right of social assistance is one of basic categories in the area of human rights safeguard and social security, and is the core category in the law of social assistance. Based on the concept analysis of social assistance, social security, social relief, social insurance, social welfare, social special care, and the concept analysis of right of social assistance, right to life, social rights, social economic rights, social security rights, right of social assistance can be defined that the right of citizens’ obtaining certain material help and services from country or society without any considerations in order to maintain basic life when they are in an unconquerable predicament.The value of right of social assistance can be understood and groped from three levels, which are equity and efficiency, human dignity and human existence, human development and social development. Dialectical unity with equity and efficiency is the basic value of social assistance, and human dignity is the core value of social assistance, and harmonious development between human and society is the final value of social assistance.Being the important content of fundamental human rights, especially right to life, right of social assistance should be belong to constitutional rights. Confirmation of the attribute of constitutional rights means to emphasize that right of social assistance is the fundamental human right that is intrinsic, inviolable, unalienable. As the fundamental human rights, right of social assistance has been confirmed and protected by the Constitution in our country, and it has laid the legal foundations for the development of social assistance.Nevertheless, there is a serious lack of the right of social assistance stipulated by the Constitution in substantive laws in our country. It is chiefly manifested that, firstly, the content of right of social assistance is not integrated; secondly, the level of right of social assistance is low; thirdly, the realization mechanism of right of social assistance is inappropriate. The right of social assistance stipulated by the Constitution can not realized in substantive laws, the reason is that many factors are operated in common such as history, economy, legal system, management system, assistance policy, supervision system, etc.The shift from the right of social assistance stipulated by the Constitution to the right of social assistance in substantive laws depends on the rule of law. We should be on the core of realization of right of social assistance, and construct a complete legal system of rights safeguard, and integrately apply all factors in the process of legislation, judicature, law enforcement, and through the confirmation of right of social assistance and the safeguard of operation mechanism of right of social assistance, we should finally realized the shift from the right of social assistance stipulated by the Constitution to the right of social assistance in substantive laws. Because of the comprehensiveness and complexity of right of social assistance, its realization mechanism involves many legal areas such as public law, civil law and social law, and shows a dynamic, open and developing system and process.更多还原