【作者】 张文英；

【导师】 肖大威；

【作者基本信息】 华南理工大学 ， 城市规划与设计， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 我国当代的景观营建行业发展以轰轰烈烈的实践和相对薄弱的理论研究为其特色。景观营建的理论研究也多趋向于传统园林的布局、造园章法等技术技巧的探讨,以及国外各种风格、流派和主义的探讨。缺乏从方法论的角度去总结梳理长期的景观实践中形成的各种方法的特点以及各种方法和设计师以及价值取向之间的关系的研究。景观理论的研究具有工具、解释和批评的功能,理论不仅能够归纳经验成为实践的基础,还能够解释现状问题,更重要的是理论还具有批评的功能。而类型学理论使我们能够回答如何处理传统与现代、外来文化与本土文化之间的关系等一系列现实问题。本文从方法论的视角,以景观营建的方法为主要研究对象,紧密结合行业中的各类型的实例和实际问题,在调查分析大量实例的基础上,结合类型学、现象学、伦理学等研究手段,进行景观营建方法的类型学研究。从建设目标、设计程序、客户对象、项目规模、所依赖的基础知识、伦理学、价值取向、自然观以及在社会中的角色等各个方面,对所踏查的国内外比较有影响的实际项目进行研究分析后,将景观营建方法分为8个类型。分别是:综合设计、艺术表达设计、景观分析、多元设计、生态设计、精神景观、过程主义设计、景观都市主义等。并基于我国在多元设计、精神景观等专题方面相对薄弱的研究现状,通过实例重点研究了多元设计、精神景观和生态设计的类型。其中以口袋公园、遛狗公园为专题实例进行多元设计的研究;以墓园、医疗花园等作为专题研究精神景观;以南非、澳大利亚、新西兰等地的景观营建为实例研究生态设计的类型。各个专题从理论分析和实践考察的双重视角进行深入研究,从而使本研究立足于坚实的实践基础,更具有说服力和指导意义。类型学不仅是一种哲学态度,具有认识论的意义,而且具有方法论的基础,可以具体指导设计实践。类型学的设计方法不是从纯功能或纯形式角度入手的,而是从社会文化和历史传统角度入手。以杭州保元泽第的环境设计实践为实例,探讨应用类型学思想中的新理性主义和新地域主义,从历史的纵轴和地域的横轴上寻找设计实践的原型,指导当代居住区环境设计实践,弘扬中国传统居住文化和造园精神,一方面挖掘历史原型中的永恒价值,从而生成富有历史感的创新;一方面避免因为地域风格的丧失造成的文化空白,通过地域文化的介入满足社会多元化的需求,从而创造诗意的栖居。本文的结构分为四个主要部分。第一部分是全文的前两章,旨在说明研究的目的意义和方法。针对当前我国欣欣向荣的行业发展中存在的问题,提出探讨景观营建的方法的类型学研究的必要性,为进一步深入研究奠定理论根基。第二部分是第三章～第八章,通过实例研究,旨在搭建景观营建方法的类型学框架。是全文的重点。同时分专项对多元设计、精神景观和生态设计进行深入研究,以弥补我国在这些专项研究方面的欠缺。其中遛狗公园、医疗花园、口袋公园、墓园以及南非园林的研究建立在实际踏查和资料查阅的基础上归纳总结,并针对我国现状提出建设性的建议。第三部分是第九章,探讨景观营建的理论的类型和不同理论类型的功能,并从产生不同景观营建方法的原因,不同的景观营建方法之间的关系,不同的设计过程和设计目标之间的关系以及设计师、项目与景观营建方法的关系等方面深入探讨景观营建方法的类型学。第四部分是第十章,通过居住区环境营建的实践说明类型学理论中新理性主义和新地域主义的重要指导意义。类型学的方法不是简单的仿古复旧,而是立足于现代,不仅从物质层面,更从文化的深层结构——心态层面,即从现代人们的生活方式和生活需要,包括价值体系和民族审美心理出发,使现代居住环境能够给人以更高的精神享受,促进中国传统人居文化向现代化的复合、变异。本土化更不是狭隘的民族主义,而是营造具有自身社会价值和艺术价值的景观与场所,强调对历史语境和外来话语的超越,以创造性的设计联系历史与未来,体现创新的追求。现代居住环境是传统居住文化“类型”的延续,景观作为建筑及其边缘空间的总和,更能全面反映人类对环境的知觉,对拥有特定的物质和空间基础的居住区景观而言,更容易达成包含了个体的文化和知觉体验的诗意的栖居。利用类型学研究透过事物表象探索深层结构的特性,提出当代景观营建和传统园林之间并无鸿沟,与民族传统决裂的方式是一种错误,中国传统园林是当代景观营建的重要根基。景观设计不应被视为从国外移植来的全新行业,更不是随心所欲、凭空想象的设计,而是在历史与现实的语境中选择恰当的类型的复杂过程。通过对景观营建方法的类型学研究,试图建立专业设计学意义上的方法论,以期为当代景观营建中应对各种复杂的项目,解决文化传承等问题提供有益的坐标参照系。更多还原

【Abstract】 The features of Chinese contemporary Landscape Architecture industry are vigorous Practices and weakly theoretical research. The theories of Landscape Architecture have instrumental, interpretative and critical functions; they are not only summed up the experiences as the basis of practice, but also can explain the actuality problem, more importantly, they have the function of criticism. The typology theory can answer a series of practical problems, such as how to deal with the relationship between traditional and modern, foreign culture and local culture.From the Methodological perspective, combining the reality problem and standing on the investigation, this paper study on the typology of contemporary Landscape Architecture approaches from the theories of typology, phenomenology and ethics. These categories have distinctive approaches to landscape architecture on eight dimensions: its goals; the process used in design or analysis; Main clients; the scale of concern; intellectual or knowledge base; ethical approach; relation to the natural world and the approach’s analysis of power relations or the larger role of landscape architecture in society, there are 8 typology of landscape architectural approaches. They are: design as synthesis, cultivated expression, landscape analysis, plural design, ecological design, spiritual landscapes, design as process, and landscape urbanism. Based on the wimpy study on plural design, spiritual landscape and ecological design in China, this paper focus on these three special subjects, Using pocket park and Dog Park as the research samples of plural design; using cemetery and healing garden as the spiritual landscapes samples; and studying the ecological design form the landscape of South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Every subject based on the theories analysis and exploratory trip to construct the theoretical frame, and make it full of authority.Taking the Baoyuan garden, Hangzhou as an example, to explore using the method of Neo-rationalism and Neo-regionalism in the pursuit of the prototype from the history and territory, to guide the practices of contemporary community environment design, and succeed the Chinese traditional dwelling culture and the spirit. On one hand, excavating the eternal value of the prototype to produce the historical sense of creation, on the other hand, it may also avoid the cultural gaps due to the disability of territory style, in order to meet social diversity needs and create the poetic dwelling.This paper is divided into four parts.The first part is to explain the significance and method of research, on account of the problems in this profession, proposes the necessity of typology study on landscape architecture approaches, establish the theoretical foundation.The second part is the emphasis of this paper, from the case study to construct the frame of landscape architecture approaches typology. Further study on the subjects of plural design, spiritual landscape and ecological design make up the research shortage in these topics. The study on Dog Park, Healing garden, pocket park, cemetery and South Africa landscape summarize based on the exploratory trips, data collections and put forward the constructive suggestion aimed on Chinese reality.The third part, chapter 9, discusses the type and function of landscape architecture theory, and through analysising the reason of producing the different approaches of landscape architecture, and the relationship between the different approaches, the relationship between the design process and the goal, and the relationship between designer, projects and the approaches to study the typology of the approaches of landscape architecture.The fourth part, chapter 10, taking a community design case study to declare the significances of theories of Neo-rationalism and Neo-regionalism. Typology is not simply instauration, the principals are based on contemporary life, not only from physical level, but also from the deep-going structure of culture—psychology, in other words, the life style and its needs, including the value system and nationality aesthetics appreciation, constructing the environment to provide spiritual fulfillment, at the same time promoting the mutation of Chinese traditional culture of dwelling. Localization is far from the meaning of narrow nationalism, but has its own social value and creates artistic value of landscape and places. Contemporary community and environment is the inheritance of traditional dwelling culture, but emphasizes surpassing the historical context and foreign discourse, connecting the future through the creativity of designs and the pursuit of innovation. Modern living environment is the extension of traditional residence culture "prototype”. Landscape architecture, as the mass term of architecture, can comprehensively reflect the perception of human environment on the bases of particular material and the residential space, more easily reach landscape culture and the individual contains the perception experience of poetic dwelling.Using the theory of typology focus on the study from the presentation to the characteristic of deep-seated structure, there is no split from contemporary landscape architecture to conventional gardening, it is a mistake to break from the nationality tradition, and Chinese conventional gardening is the root of contemporary landscape architecture. Landscape architecture should not be regarded as a new profession migrated from overseas. It is not a random, no-foundation design, but is a complicated process to choose a proper approach at the dialogue between history and reality. From the typological study on the approaches of landscape architecture, try to establishing the methodology of landscape design and providing useful reference coordinates for the cultural heritage problems in modern landscape design.更多还原